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The victim of racist attack is struggling between life and death. Sarvan Kumar a 25 years old Indian living in Australia was the victim. He has suffered extensive brain damage because the racist assailant drove a screwdriver into his head. He family is in shock back here in India. The Australian authorities were reluctant in issuing visa to his family and relatives to go there in Australia and see him. They are backing the funding of medical treatment that he is getting there in Australia. After the media interventions finally the Australian authorities have issued the visa to his Uncle Dr. Srinivas who has left for Australia. He said that Sarvan’s father is in a state of shock and dint want to go to Australia, thus he is going on their behalf. Sarvan’s family is based in Andhra Pradesh. Sarvan’s father said that though Australians call themselves a developed nation but they have no humanity. If police in Australia would have taken some action when an Indian attacked in train, this would not have happened.  Sarvan’s father Mr. Chidambram is a farmer and is not in a postion to afford the foreign trip. He is facing problem in meeting the cost of sarvans treatment in Australia. He has approached the government of Andhra Pradesh for financial help who in turn promised to help. The challenge to reach Australia and pursue the legal procedures.  

 In the last three weeks four incidents of attack on Indian Students have been reported. The Indian students community has taken to the streets in Australia as they are protesting against this brutality. The students assembled at the Royal Melbourne Hospital. Sarvan Kumar is undergoing treatment in this hospital. Students were holding placards against these attacks. The protestors were advising to think twice before coming to Australia. These incidents have given a shock to the students and the authorities in both countries. Those who have faced racist attacks said that since these attacks are specifically on the Indian students thus we can say that these are racist attacks. Baljinder Singh, another 25 year old victim said the same.  He said Indian government should do something.

 More than 95 000 Indians live in Australia. More than 30000 students go every year to Australia. Such attacks would impact negatively relations between both the countries. Australia has been a favorite destination of Indian students in the past few years. They have been  going to get education and for some it is a way to get the permanent resident status. With such incidents coming in light it has become clear that Australia though a developed country is a racist country. People look down upon the people of Asian origin in Australia. They do not give the status of equality to them. Australian authorities have admitted that possibility of racism cannot be ruled out in these attacks.

The study of the Vedic literature shows that a well organised system of education existed in India during the Rig Vedic Age. The Aryan realized the importance of knowledge and educational brilliance. The Rig Veda gives some details about the Brahmchari or the religious student.  The training of the Brahmchari took place at the home of a Brahman Teacher (Guru) who was the chief figure in the system of learning. The student was expected to treat his teacher with utmost reverence and render full obedience to him and serve him all the time. The main subject of study was the Vedas, and long hours were devoted to its mastery. The teacher would instruct the few students seated on the ground about the hymns of the sacred book. For many hours daily they would repeat verse after the verse of the Vedas until they had mastered and memorized them. In this age, the women also received education. The Rig Veda contains the hymns composed by twenty different poetesses. Visvavara, Sikata, Nivari, Ghosha, Kamosa, Lopamudra and Urvashi are the names of some of them. It is presumed that the Rigvedic people did not know the art of writing. This was undoubtedly practiced by the prehistoric people of the Indus valley. But it is significant that the early literature of the Aryans was transmitted orally.

In the later Vedic period, the society attained a high level of intellectual development. Learning became both religious and secular. The study of Vedic texts brought into existence the science of grammar (Vyakarna) in its different branches such as Phonetics metre and etymology. Geometry grew from the rules for the erection of sacrificial altars. Apart from these subjects, prosody, rituals, astronomy, law and logic were included in the courses of study. Certain rules were laid down for studentship. The first rule was Upanayana ceremony by which the Brahmchari was initiated into student life.  He was to practice self control and beg his bread. He was constantly to keep before himself the aims of learning – Sharadha (faith), praja (progeny), Dhana (wealth), Ayu (longevity) and Amritaya (immortality).

The teachers were generally Brahmans, but in some cases the belonged to Kshatriyas caste. They taught their students in their hermitages which in the later period came to be designated as Guru-Kulas, and developed later into great universities. There the teachers provided the students with boarding and lodging, maintained with them intimate and affectional relations and instructed them in all arts and sciences. Higher Education in Philosophy and religion was imparted only to a select few. Ordinarily the instruction began with Vedas and Upanishads. Some passages in the Upanishads indicate high standard of learning, direct method of instruction, close relationship between the teacher and his students and a wide range of subjects taught.

There existed many center of Vedic learning and different schools of thought. These schools were presided over by renowned teachers. Vedic scholars exchanged their views by occasional assemblies organised by generous and enlighted kings. Debates were commonly held to discuss difficult problems of philosophy and religion. For instance King Ashvapati of Kekaya was such a distinguished teacher that even Brahman scholars approached him for learning the doctrine of Atman. King Malinda is said to have knowledge of 19 arts and sciences. Many great scholars like Yajnayavalika, Uddalka; Aruni his son Shvataketu and Devabhanga either belonged to or lived in India. Some women also received education of high order. Gargi and Maître attained the highest spiritual knowledge and could even challenge Yajnayanvlikya, the great Philosopher of the age. Many teachers of India enjoyed a high reputation of their mastery over grammar and correct language use.

The period of studentship lasted at least till the age of 25 years but often in case of Brahmans it was extended to 36 or even 48. Females were also entitled to Brahmacharya, but in later times restrictions were placed on their admissions into Vedic texts. Another remarkable feature of education in ancient India was the fact that the Aryan youth, however, high or low might be the position of his parents, were treated alike and were expected to undergo the same discipline.

Terrorism and Military Lok Sabha election and Indian Premier League has ended after keeping the nation gripped almost for two months and now it is the time to groove over some past incidents that affected every sphere of the Indian society. On papers Lok Sabha elections took the time of almost two months but infect all the political parties had started their political maneuvers almost in the early months of 2008. Many political parties were seen making hue and cry over various unimportant issues and sometimes some of them touched those matters for which they were at one hand criticized by the society and on the other hand they helped the enemies of the nation. But Indian public has understood the region, caste and religion based politics of various parties and now they started to vote for those governments that have given performance and progress to their states. 2009 elections are the perfect examples of it. But one episode that shook the nation and social bonds of the society was the arrest of some retired and serving military officers who were accused of helping some saffron terrorist organizations for carrying out bomb blasts in the Muslim populated areas. A J&K based seer and a sadhvi were also arrested in connection with the Malegaon bomb blasts. Indian investigation agencies reveals that a few months ago a camp was organized in the forests of some eastern state in which some retired and serving military personal had imparted arms training to the activists of an organization that was later on found to be involved in bomb blasts of which Muslims were the prime targets. Some pictures were also appeared in leading newspapers of India in which the accused sadhvi and the seer were seen sharing the dais with some prominent BJP leaders. Later on BJP leadership had declined from any relationship with the accused persons. But whole of this issue had dented BJP’s image. Though we can not rule out that this issue was politically misused by the other major political parties but we also can not rule out the possibility of a political hand behind them.

Character of Indian Military For the political parties such kinds of issues are their daily games but this whole of the issue affected Indian defense forces’ image very adversely. The involvement of some military officers in the bomb blasts and their arrests are a matter of shame and sorrow. But military has also learnt some lessons from whole of this episode. Learning from these unwanted controversies military should make it clear that anyone who takes the oath to protect his country and motherland at any cost, has a special place to his religion in his conscious and sub-conscious mind. Indian defense forces have understood this fact and with it has become famous in the entire world for its bravery, discipline, secularism and communal harmony. That’s why Indian military’s involvement is being demanded to help the civil services and by UNO to carry out peace missions around the world. Indian defense forces have proved their ability and neutral character during communal riots, national calamities and emergency. It has been praised at the international level for carrying out various peace missions successfully. In reality Indian soldiers are the true protectors of communal harmony and secularism.

Religious Gatherings We can not rule out that religion has always affected the mentality of the soldiers.  Out soldiers, their thinking and consciousness is also affected by their religion. Every community has used religion in the battlefields and has won the battles. From his training to his retirement, every soldier of the world worships his arms according to his religious rituals. It is the proven fact that soldier can sacrifice everything in the name of religion. In the battle while attacking the enemy, use of religious slogans is natural. In its true meaning religion is the best method of encouraging the soldiers in the battlefield. In Indian defense forces special efforts are made to keep the communal harmony and secularism. And seers and religions preachers play a special role in this practice. These preachers preach national unity, communal harmony, character building expect religion. In the mixed units religious signs of various religions are kept under the one roof. Religious lectures are given on regular basis and in a disciplined manner. And in these gatherings the involvement of the officers of the same unit is necessary according to the rules weather he belongs to that religion or not. On special occasion families of soldiers and officers also take part in these gatherings because the religion of the soldiers is considered the religion of their officers. In those platoons and regimens in which most of the soldiers are Muslims, officers also fast during the Islamic holly month of Ramjaan.

Religious Occasions Many of us will be surprised to know that sometimes, in case of the absence of the preacher of a religion the preachers of other religions perform daily rituals of that religion. For example in the absence of Pandit (Hindu preacher), Granthi (Sikh preacher) performs the Hindu rituals and religious duties. Pune based Army Institute of National Integration organizes religious courses at various times in which students are given the education of spreading and preaching communal harmony. In these courses, special lectures are given on the goodness, and communal harmony of every religion. Misuse of religion is strictly prohibited in the military. Political and religious discussions are also strictly prohibited in the military. This is not allowed even while helping the civil administration during the communal riots. Except it, military organizes special camps and initiates various programs on the occasions of religious festivals etc. The organization of journeys to Ajmer Sharif and Jama Masjid are the perfect examples of it. In the same way Military makes special arrangement for the protection of Hindu pilgrims during the Amarnath pilgrimage. Every official pays special attention to keep communal harmony during the yatra as people of various religions come into contact with each other. Despite of these relentless efforts sometime some soldiers get distracted. If it happens then these issues should not be given much attention because it affects the courage and character of Indian security forces.

Efforts If some of the military personals are found not on the expected lines then they should be given severe punishment. India is going through one of its worst phases. Social unrest created by economic reasons is being projected as religious unrest by some evil minds who are guided by their personal and political aims. If some political leaders point fingers and demand investigations in some police encounters then it is not the fault of police but of the political leaders who do not even care about the supreme sacrifices made by the valiant police personal. It must be learnt that a regional party leaders had demanded CBI enquiry in the Delhi encounter in which some IM militants were killed and an officer had also laid his life. SP leaders had raised this issue to woo the Muslim voters prior to the Lok Sabha elections. But they had indirectly projected all the Muslims in bad lights. Such kind of political parties are the biggest threat to the communal harmony and national unity of the nation. In such kind of situation defense and police forces remain under tremendous pressure. Security personal come into contact with the society and during that time their minds can be affected by the communal feelings prevalent in the society. And if some of them get distracted then it is natural. But defense forces should keep on their regular relentless efforts to keep the communal harmony intact.

Dhoni has assured that India will retain the T20 Champion title. He is satisfied with the squad and said that this is a balanced side with some outstanding talent. There is no pressure on the boys. India is the defending champions of the tournament about to begin on June 5 in England. India will be playing its first game on June 6 against Bangladesh. Dhoni said India has a strong batting side as we bat right down till #8-9. This is also known to Dhoni that India has a strong bowling attack as well as he mentioned in the pre departure match conference.  India has some outstanding talents like Gautam Gambhir, Virender Sehwag, Yuvraj Singh, Rohit Sharma, Suresh Raina and Dhoni himself who can change the course of game anytime. All they need is to focus on the potential that they have and they will have to use the same to retain the title. Dhoni advised not to worry about the result just focus on playing to their potential. He said team will have to give its 100 percent and it can defend the title for sure.  

Team India is tired after a hectic IPL which was played in South Africa and Dhoni knows it. However he said that it has on the other hand helped the players to hone their skills for the World Cup. Since most of the players who have played in the IPL were from India and all the team members of the T20 Squad of India were part of the IPL so they now have the hang of it. They had the practice of almost more than 50 days which would be sufficient for the team to retain the title. Playing so many matches would make you tired as we are humans and not machines but the exposure that team India got and the skills they have developed would be helpful. The most important thing is the experience. In the superfast game of twenty 20 all you need to know is how to handle the pressure. While batting first there is a pressure of setting a huge target and thus batsmen play under pressure which is harmful. Same is the case while chasing as there is lot to achieve in just 20 overs. Just one missed ball could cost you a defeat at the end of the game. On the bowling front it is the pressure of retaining the opponent to the minimum score possible. Dhoni is happy with the fact that he has lot of options when it comes to the non regular bowlers. In fact in the spin department all the players have some experience in handling the pressure. With the kind of bowling Suresh Raina and Yuvraj Singh has done in the IPL, if the same continues no one can defeat India. Rohit Sharma and Yusuf Pathan are no less if you look at the statistics of the IPL.

 Though there are some lesser experienced players as well like Ravinder Jadeja however their form in the T20 IPL was excellent and it was evident that they are very good at handling the pressure. In the times of crisis Jadeja has played well in IPL. Also he has faced world’s top bowling attacks pace and spin both when he faced Brett Lee and Murali respectively. This has helped him learn a lot as to how to handle the pressure. Though some of the cricket pundit has some concerns about the opening pair of India however Dhoni seems to be not bothered about it. For batting he has the clear thought about Virender Sehwag and Gautam Gambhir and on the bowling front it would go to Ishant Sharma and Zaheer Khan.

 All is well that ends well. This is not the over confidence but the confidence that Dhoni has in his team mates and above all in himself that he can lead from the front. We wish Dhoni and his team all the very best. Jai HO….     

Under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, the Congress decided to start Non Co operation Movement against the British Government. It aimed to

(a)    Support the Khilafat movement

(b)   To compel the Government to compensate for the atrocities committed by it on the  people at Jallianwala Bagh and during the Martial law in the Punjab

(c)    To achieve the goal of Swaraj

The Program consisted of

(1)    Boycott of impending of government schools and colleges

(2)    Boycott of the law courts

(3)    Boycott of foreign goods

(4)    Boycott of the law courts and honorary offices

(5)    Refusal to attend government Durbars.

The constructive side of the program consisted of

(a)    Establishment of national schools and colleges

(b)   The use of private arbitration courts in place of Government courts for litigation etc.

(c)    The use of Swadeshi cloth on large scale

(d)   Revival of hand spinning and hand weaving

(e)   The removal of untouchability.

The movement was completely non violent. The movement captured the imagination of the people from the very start. The whole nation rose as one man. Many distinguished lawyers like CR Dass, Pandit Moti Lal Nehru, Jawahar lal Nehru, Lala Lajpat Rai, Vithal Bhai, Vllabh Bhai Patel and Dr. Rajender Prasad gave up their practice to join the movement. Many prominent Muslim leaders like Ali Brothers, Dr. Ansari and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad also came forward in the non cooperation movement. Many students gave up studying in the Government schools and colleges. Many national education institutions like the Gujarat Vidya Peeth, the Bihar Vidya Peeth, the Benaras Vidya Peeth, the Kashi Vidya Peeth, Bengal National University, Jamia Milia of Delhi, and the National College of Lahore were started.

The Swadeshi Cloth became popular. The Takla and Charkha appeared n every home and became the symbols of the movement. Liquor shops and foreign cloth shops were often picketed. In Punjab the non co operation movement was headed by Lala Lajpat Ra. The Gurudwaras Reform Movement was being carried in Punjab and same was linked to the Non co operation Movement. Mahatma Gandhi called the Gurudwaras Movement as the first decisive battle for freedom.

The Non Cooperation movement brought the common people in the political struggle of the country. It created among them a spirit of self confidence and self reliance. When the movement was in full swing in 1922, there was a strange and unexpected development. Gandhiji suddenly decided to call off the campaign. The reason which prompted this action was that an angry mob had attacked and burnt a police station in Chauri chaura, a village in the Gorakhpur district of UP in which 22 policemen were killed. Gandhiji took a serious view of this incident. He announced that the Indian people were not yet ready to wage a non violent struggle.

The suspension of non co operation movement greatly shocked the younger leaders of Congress like Subhash Chandra Bose, and Jawahar Lal Nehru. The common people lost enthusiasm to continue the movement. It gave an opportunity to the Viceroy Lord Reading to strike hard. The government arrested Mahatma Gandhi and sentenced him to six years imprisonment on the charge of sedition. He was however released from the prison in the beginning of 1924. By this time the people of Turkey rose under the leadership of Mustafa Kamal Pasha, deprived the Sultan of his political power. Kamal Pasha abolished the office of Khalifa. The new constitution of Turkey provided for the separation of religion and politics. As a result. The question of Khilafat had also been closed. But soon the political condition of India took a new turn and the Congress intensified the struggle for the achievement of complete independence or Puran Swaraj in place of Swaraj.

 Violence and Losses Punjab witnessed the return of violence in the third week on May when thousands of people took to streets in protest of the killing of a sect head. Government property of crores of rupees was damages by the protesting mobs. Some trains and Punjab Roadways busses were burnt by the protestors. According to an estimate Punjab and central government have incurred losses of more than 7000 of crores. At some places situation turned out to be worst when protestors became violent and fought pitched battles not only with the police and paramilitary personals but also targeted civilians and shopkeepers. Protestors were seen forcing the shopkeepers to support the shut down. More than two people died and many got injured during the three day long violence. Government had called military and had ordered curfew in some parts of the state. After the relentless work situation came under control but the fire has not yet been put to an end. People are still protesting against the killing of the Dera head though protests are being carried out peacefully.

Incident Dera Sachkhand Ballan’s sect head Sant Niranjan Das and second-in-command Sant Ramanand were on their annual visit to a Sikh Temple in Vienna (Austria). They were preaching their disciples at the Gurdwara when a group of six armed men entered the place and opened the fire. Two of them were armed with pistols while the remaining were carrying knives and sharp edged weapons. With it the place tuned out into battle field. Both the preachers got injured in the attack. Almost 30 persons got injured during the violence. It included the attackers also. On Monday morning Sant Ramanand succumbed to his injuries. The news of the incident had already reached Punjab. The news of the death of Sant Ramanand spread like the fire of jungle and it took the violent turn. All the attackers are believed to be the ethnic Sikhs. It must be learnt that most of the followers of the Dera are from the poor and downtrodden sections of the Punjabi society. Most of them belong to the lower castes and are agricultural laborers.

Discrimination After independence the divide between the lower caste Sikhs and the Landlord Sikhs has widened. And with it tensions have also increased between both of these sections of the society. Religion and caste based politics has added more fuel to the fire. In 2-3 years we have witnessed many incidents that point towards the hidden ‘hate’ towards each other. Lower caste people have been even barred from cremating dead bodied at the common lands by the landlords. Some times they have been bared from entering into the village Gurdwaras. Because of this discrimination, the lower caste people have constructed their separate cremation grounds and Gurdwaras. Many of them have even adopted other religions. But with it the discrimination has not ended but has acquired new dimensions.

Reasons The reasons behind this problems are not religions but financial. Some decades ago the lower caste people were not educated enough to know about their rights. They usually worked as agricultural laborers and were mostly treated as slaves. With the spread of education, they knew that they are being exploited. On the other hand agriculture has not remained a profitable occupation. Some of them adopted alternative occupations breaking from their traditional way of living and earning. Now they have become self-sufficient and are fewer dependants on the landowners. Many of them work in the gulf countries and with it has have attained prosperities. Now they have started to demand equal rights which are not acceptable to their masters of order times. But on the other hand agricultural labor has become more expensive because of less availability. This has given birth to tensions between both the sections of the society. Geographically they live very near to each other and in such conditions conflicts have become common phenomena. The Vienna incident and its aftermath is just an instance of the hidden unrest. In the coming times this problem can reach the alarming levels. This problem can be solved through political initiatives but Sikh Saints and religions personalities will have to come forward so that world’s newest religion, Sikhism, can be saved from such kind of impurities.

Early Life Writer of National Anthem, Jana Gana Mana, Ravinder Nath Tagore was born toSmt Shardha Devi in Jorasakomansan, Kolkata(West Bengal) on May 7, 1861. His father’s name was Shri Davinder Nath Tagore. His parents were the staunch followers of Brahmo Samaj. He was called Rabi in his childhood. He took admission in Oriental Seminar for his primary education and passed all the classes in first division. In 1868 he took admission in Bengal Academy but could not concentrate on his studies. Then he went to England with his brother Satinder Nath Tagore and took admission in the public school Brighton in 1878. But he returned to India without completing his studies. In 1883 he was married to Mrinalini Devi. Tagore’s early life and some of his unimportant failures are the indication of his restlessness and a quest for truth. He traveled almost all over India and many western countries. He had started writing in his early age. He had composed his first poem when he was only eight years old. Except it he had written some dramas and short stories also which became very popular in his homeland. During his Europe journey he had met many writers and poets.

Works Tagore chose his mother tongue Bengali to compose and write. He also composed and wrote Novels, dramas, stories and essays. His important works are Geetanjali, Gora(novel) and a drama named ‘Dakghar’. Except literature he was also interested in nature, music and painting. He was one of the biggest admirers of ‘nature’. His paintings have a unique place in the world of painting. He composed music also which is known as ‘Ravinder Sangeet’. He won the Nobel Prize for his world famous work Geetanjali in 1913. And with it he became the first Asian to won the Nobel Prize in any of the field. Indian National Anthem ‘Jana Gana Mana’ has been taken from his composition Geetanjali. He also wrote for the children. ‘Kabuliwala’ is his world famous writing on which a film has also been made. British Crown crowned him with Knighthood for his literary works. But he had renounced this as a mark of protest against the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in 1919. It must be learnt that a British military officer had ordered his soldiers to open fire on innocent and unarmed Indian people who were protesting peacefully against the colonial rule of England.    

Freedom Fighter Except being a literary man he was also a social thinker. He was not happy with the education system of his time. He was in favor of providing education in the mother tongue. He liked the centuries old Indian education system that was based on strong and passionate Guru-Shishya relations. In 1901 he turned his dream into existence when he established an Ashram named ‘Shanti Niketan’. In the Ashram students were given free education and the syllabus was designed in such a way that every field of education was giver a special status. Students were kept in the company of nature. In 1921 it got the status of a special Indian university. He also played an important role in the Indian freedom struggle through his writings. Supporting the Indian freedom movements led by Mahatama Gandhi he renounced the status of ‘Sir’ to the British government. He was liked by the masses of Indian and was called ‘Gurudev’ as a mark of respect even by Mahatama Gandhi.

He taught his countrymen to follow the truth. He asked the farmers to become aware of their rights. He taught that if people love and help each other it will be called a true freedom and progress otherwise they neither can get freedom and nor can progress. It was Tagore who had given the name of ‘Mahatama’ to Gandhi. On 13 July, 1941 he fell ill. On 7 August, 1941 he bade farewell to this world. 

 This is what one of the leading newspapers in India called this game of T20 after the first world cup played in 2007. In the inaugural edition of the ICC T20 world cup, the final was the most interesting game between India and Pakistan where game was decided only in the last over when only 5 more runs were remaining and Pakistan lost the game. In fact those who had seen the tournament still feel that the game between the two countries played a few days earlier in Durban was the most exciting one when both the teams reached a “tie” in the prescribed overs and decision was made through a “ bowl Out”. It was the first ever bowl out in the history of cricket. Now that was according to the spirit of T20: fast and furious, as it is there in the game of hockey or football.

Looking at the statistics we find that the final of the T20 world cup created history in terms of TV viewership when the TV ratings reached a record of 15.2. Such a peak is never seen in the history of Indian Television. It was brought to the television by ESPN STAR sports, the sports channel and the ICC’s broadcast partner. It provided an innovative coverage when it showed the game of cricket through different angels. Suspended cable cameras were used and new features like hum centric player profiles, measuring of the longest six during the tournament, the graphics showing live field trackings and the corridors of uncertainty to find the wide ball clarity and many other features were added to make the game more interesting and watchable. The first editon of the T20 world cup was played in South Africa. In the cities like Cape Town, Durban and Johannesburg, the stadiums were jampacked since the game was of shorter duration and the tickets were as cheap as of Rs 20. A successful marketing campaing was run though innovative television commercials that was primarily to target the audience from South Africa.

There were DJ booths at every venue which were accompanied by a PA announcer; dancers were there on the podiums around the boundary line to keep the spectators and players motivated. There was a character created by South Africa Cricket called  Dr. Beat who interacted with the spectators. Lot of other arrangements were there like distributing hard hats, a free face painting was there offered to the supporters, to increase the attendance in the stadiums there were school kids promotions, big screens were at each venue to enjoy the replays of the game, dugouts like that of football and the event songs.

 The cricket fans were watching this tournament all over the world across more than 100 countries which includes Canada, china, etc. they followed the action on the mobile phones, have listened to the audio steam, have watched the instant highlights of the games played on Yahoo powered website WWW.WORLDTWENTY20.COM that too for free. Some magical moments like six sixes hit by Yuvraj Singh against England in the over of Stuart Broad, a magical hundred by Chris Gayle in the opening game of the tournament, a hat-trick by Bret Lee against Bangladesh and a brilliant performance by Shahid Afridi that made him the Man of the Tournament. The official survey shows that the tournament was a big hit. More than 91.5 million hits were registered on the official website and a fan rating of 4.6 out of 5 was given to the tournament.

The wait is over and the tournament’s second edition is to begin from June 5^th onwards. With the success of IPL and more and more countries now including one or two games of T20 in the official tours this season the tournament is for sure going to offer a lot of spine chilling entertainment. Catch the live events on the official website and the official broadcaster ESPN STAR Sports.

The Aryans were a people of the sky and the open spaces. They lived in the villages and heir domestic life was very healthy and cheerful the main characteristics of their social life were simplicity, purity and chastity. The family was the pivot of the Indo-Aryan society. The members of a family lived in the same house. The head of the house was called Grahapat. Families were patriarchal i.e., parentage was traced through the father instead of mother. The father was the head of the family and exercised control over it. There are references where father punished his sons for wrong deeds. However, the relations between the members of the family were generally cordial. The ordinary people were content with one wife but the members of the Royal families could have more than one wife. The members of a family shared a common life and the entire property belongs to the family as a whole.

Women, though politically not so important as now, were highly respected. Among the composers of the Vedas, names of some ladies are also mentioned, most important being those of Ghosa and Sikata Nivavara. All the religious ceremonies were performed by husband and wife together. Every mother was more or less of a goddess to the children. She was the sole mistress in the household matters. The conception of wifehood was very ideal. Chastity on the part of both the sexes was highly prized. The wife was to love, obey and adore her husband. The husband lover her no less. Marriage was a sacred ceremony. Woman had a freedom in the choice of her partner, which is proved by the practice of Swayamvara. Swayam means self and Vara means match. The women, gentle in nature, and graceful in form, select from among many her own loved one as her husband as mentioned in Rig Veda. Polygamy was rare and Polyandry was against the nature of the Aryan women. Widow marriage was not prohibited. In a hymn of Rig Veda, the widow is exhorted to remarry. Child marriage was unknown. Thus the standard of female morality was very high and women enjoyed an honorable position in the society.

The Aryan lived a very simple life. Their food consisted mainly of parched grain, cakes, curd and various vegetables and fruits. Flesh of rams, goats and even horses was offered as sacrifices and eaten, but only on festive occasions. The Soma and Sura were the two intoxicating liquors generally taken by the people. Soma was extracted from the juices of Soma plant. It was also offered to Gods according to the ceremonies mentioned in the Samaveda. Sura was a kind of beer.

The Aryans wore very simple clothes. A dhoti and another sheet sufficed for men. Similarly, a simple corset and dhoti were the dress of women. The dhoti or sari was artistically worn. The clothes were made of cotton, deer skin or wool. The rich wore artistic clothes frequently embroided with gold. Great art was shown in making up the hair. Men wore long hair and combed. The long locks of women were folded in broad plaits. Both men and women wore turbans.

People led a merry, pastoral life. Men and women enjoyed themselves in festive assemblies with music and dance. The favorite amusement of the Indus people consisted of racing, hunting and war dances. The chariot race was extremely popular and so was hunting. Their games included the lion, the elephant, the bear, the buffalo and the deer. Dicing, drinking and gambling were the common vices. Women especially loved to show their skills in music and dancing with the accompaniment of lutes and cymbals.

Attractive Slogans All the leaders of India know that more that 50 per cent population of their ‘Mahan Bharat’ is fighting the battle for ‘bread and butter’. With empty bellies eyes become unable to see anything else except bread. More that 50 per cent public of India does not get even the pure drinking water supply. Some ‘sensitive’ leaders had sensed their problems and had promised them rice and wheat at the rate of 2-3 rupees per KG. The aim of the leaders was just to bring most of the ‘begging people’ under their party flags by attractive slogans. To whom they had promised to provide grains at the rate of 2-3 rupees per kilogram? These are the same people who ceaselessly toil in their fields to grow wheat and rice. These grains do not grow on the rooftops of these leaders. Only simple people grow and harvest crops. These are the same people who grow and harvest, take their products to markets and then from markets to the stores. From the starting to the end these poor people work ceaselessly. If after so much hard work, these grains are out of their reach then we will have to think that why all the political parties are not serious to improve the living conditions of the simple folk.

True Freedom When ever the election season nears leaders of the various political parties makes some ‘relief’ announcement. They use these announcements as a method to grab the power and succeed on their ‘evil designs’. But it should be though deeply that if after 60 years of independence cheap flour and wheat are the election issues of these leaders then it not an achievement. For last 60 years we are hearing about our achievements. We proudly say that our elders fought a fierce battle against colonial rule of England. We are told that thousands of people laid their lives for the achievement of freedom. If our elders have got freedom for us after battling against the decades’ old colonial rule then it is our duty to protect our freedom at any cost. But another question rises that is it the freedom our elders had wished while making supreme sacrifices for the noble cause.

Awakening The people should tell their leaders that they are not beggars. They demand work not the free or cheap wheat and grains. Jobs should be created for the youth so that can live their life with pride. But it is the pity that these issues have no places in election manifesto of any of the party. They are ready to give them cheap wheat and grains but are not ready to create job opportunities for the jobless educated girls and boys. By providing wheat and grains at cheap rates all the parties are trying to distract the attention of the people from their basic problems. And this is their shortcut method of grabbing power by distracting the attention of the people from their basic problems. 15^th Lok Sabha elections have revealed the true character of the Indian leaders. For them Indian public is nothing less than beggars. But election results have proved that Indian voters are not the herd of sheep. Only that state governments returned to power that had worked for the progress of their states and created jobs. If Congress has returned to power in centre the reason behind it is only it that they had initiated such kind of schemes that had provide jobs to the poor people.  Nehru Rozgar Yojana and Rajiv Gandhi Gram Vikas Yojana are the examples of such schemes.

Decision In the first week of May when Lok Sabha elections were at their full swing, Supreme Court gave an important judgment that was related to Godhra carnage and the aftermath of whole of that episode in which hundreds of people were killed and thousands rendered homeless because of the communal violence in Gujarat.  Supreme Court ordered the Gujarat High Court Chief Justice to establish special fast track courts that will be assisted by a special investigation team so that some prosecutors of honest and good characteristics can be appointed for the hearing of such cases. With it, those people will be brought to justice who directly or indirectly were involved in the rioting and have escaped the justice because of political patronage. It must be learnt that when Gujarat was rocked by communal violence BJP’s Narendra Modi was the Chief Minister of the state. Hundreds of Muslims were killed by the rioters though according to the official reports the causality figure is very low.

Role of Modi Government SC has also ordered that the hearings of the related cases should be conducted in these special courts on daily basis so these cases can be solved in a year. The bench admitted that Gujarat riots had happened in 2002 and Indian judicial system has failed to provide them justice even after such a long time. The court has taken this decision because it had become evident that Modi government and the government officials, instead of bringing the accused people to justice had provided them loopholes to escape and nothing had been done for the protection of the riots affected people. More than 1100 people had died in the Gujarat riots. Crores of properties were looted or were burnt. At that time BJP led NDA was ruling the country. It failed to do its constitutional duty to protect the Muslims. Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee had visited the riots affected areas of Ahmadabad but he did nothing to provide relief and justice to the riots affected people and had returned to Delhi after advising Modi to rule ‘wisely’.

Investigations Modi government was attacked from all sides for its negative approach during the riots. The result of it was that some FIRs were written and this had happened only after tremendous efforts of the victims. But investigation was conducted in such a way that accused escaped justice easily. The prosecutors did not do their work honestly the result of which was that the victims are still running from pillars to posts to at least get some relief. Baroda bakery incident is the perfect example of it which reveals the true character of the Modi led BJP state government.

Investigation After the repeated requested of National Human Rights Commission and many other NGOs the Supreme Court had constituted a special CBI team under the leadership of former CBI director Mr. Raghavan to do investigation in the Gujarat riots. Now they have been asked to play their role in the hearings. SC’s decision is the clear indication of its disbelief in the Modi government. Now it can be hoped that the accused will be punished and the victims will get justice. Had Modi government and BJP led central government done its constitutional duty to protect the Muslims the Court should not have taken such steps.

Previous Tenure Congress led United Progressive Alliance ruled the country four five years and now has once again returned to power. If we consider its performance; its performance in the first four years was very satisfactory but the last year turned out to very challenging. Many weaknesses of the alliance government had surfaced. Where left parties had taken their support back from the UPA government on the issue of Indo-US nuclear deal, Manmohan Singh succeeded in saving the government from its premature fall with the support of Malayam Singh’s Samajwadi Party and in clinching the deal. During the same time, economic depression, unpredictable fall in the share market, terrorist attacks and serial bomb blasts increased government’s problems. Manmohan government acted very intelligently on the issue of terrorism while the opposition parties were trying to use it as a poll plank in the coming Lok Sabha elections.

Problems From the present scenario it has become clear that the government will have to face more problems as compared to its previous tenure. Though Congress has returned to power as the strongest party with more than 200 MPs but it is still dependent on the regional parties for the survival of the coalition government. So Congress will have to take ‘extra care’ of the demands of its coalition partners. It had become clear prior to the formation of the government when one of its main allies DMK decided to stay out of the government and give its outsider support to the government. It must be learnt that DMK was an ally in UPA government’s previous tenure. The reason of DMK’s decision was it that they were not being given the cabinet seats according to their choice and expected numbers.

Changing Scenario Successive coalition government have proved that regional parties have started to play an important role in the formation of the central government and this trend is not a positive sign for the progress of the nation and the poor people. Practically it has been proved that small parties try to grab maxim power on the time of formation of such kind of coalition governments. When their individual interests are ignored they create problems for the government by taking their support back. Thus   they torpedo the international achievements of the government. For the two decades we have noticed that national level parties are becoming weaker while the regional parties have become stronger. The irony is it that every leader of every regional party has started to dream of becoming the PM of the country.

National and International Interests If we consider carefully it become clear that the national level parties are responsible for the present situation because they did not challenged the region and caste based politics of these regional parties. It became evident when north Indians were targeted by the MSN in Maharashtra. Though regional parties have become able enough to play an important role in the government formation at the central level but they have kept ‘unity of the nation’ at bay. There are various regional parties that grab the votes by using regional issues as poll planks. They always think about their local level issues. They never care about the national and international level issues while the central government takes comprehensive decisions on the basis of internal and external challenges. There is no doubt that in some parts of the country regional parties are stronger that the national level parties and in such cases national level parties become dependent on the small parties to make their position strong. Regional parties take the benefit of this situation. They demand more and more seats to fight elections and big parties are becoming weaker because of this problem.

Solution In some parts of the nation voters don’t have any alternative national level option and in this condition they have to vote for the regional party. These regional parties fight in the Lok Sabha elections on the basis of regional, caste and community based issues which are a big danger for the unity of the country. This problem can be solved only when all the alliances are formed prior to the elections and all the alliance partners issue their single election manifesto. Election Commission can play an important role in it. Though India is one of the biggest democracy but many weaknesses have started to affect it adversely. Sometimes those parties become the leader of the people who have not even got 20 per cent of votes. Such kind of leaders can never be believed as no one is sure that to which alliance they will support after the elections. This downfall can be stopped only if all the political parties take an active interest and act upon the EC guidelines and do not fight the elections on the issues of region, caste and community. It this practice won’t be ceased Indian democracy will fail to address the issues of all the people of the country.

Muhammad Ghori was then in possession of the basin of the Indus and in a position to advance into the fertile plains of Hindustan. He had no position to advance into the fertile plains of Hindustan. He had no Muhammedans rivals left. The Mohammaden possessions in India at that time i.e. Punjab and Sindh had passed into his hands. Mohammad Ghori marched towards the frontier town of Sirhind which had a great strategic importance. He captured the fort of Sirhind and placed it under the charge of Malik Ziaud Din. The Rajput princes were alarmed at the growing power of the Ghorides in the Punjab. At that time Delhi and Ajmer were ruled by Prithvi Raj Chauhan. He decided to check the advance of Ghorides. The Hindu Rajas realizing their common danger formed a great confederacy against the invaders and more than 100 leading chiefs of Northern India sent their contingents to fight under the command of Prithvi Raj Chauhan. The two armies met on the battlefield of Tarain near Thaneshwar. In a well contested battle, the Ghoride forces were completely routed. Muhammad Ghori was seriously wounded and his life was saved by a young Khilji horseman. After this victory, Prithvi Raj advanced towards Sirhind and captured the fortress from the Ghorides after a siege of 13 months. But Prithvi Raj made no attempt to oust the Ghaznavides from the Punjab. Mohammad was allowed to retire to Lahore from where he subsequently returned to Ghazni.

Muhammad Ghori was not a man to be discouraged by one defeat. He was determined to wreak vengeance upon the Hindu princes. He soon recruited a large army and marched towards India to wipe off the disgrace of the defeat he had suffered. In 1192, at the head of an army of 120,000 Turks and Afghan horsemen, Ghori entered India by way of Peshawar. As soon as Prithvi Raj realized the threat of the Ghorides, he appealed to all the Rajas of Northern India for help. Many Rajas responded to his appeal and sent contingents to help him. He had collected an army of 30,000 including a large number of cavalry men and 300 elephants. The two armies faced each other once more at the battle field of Tarain. A very fierce battle was fought, in which, the Rajputs had the upper hand in the beginning. But eventually the Muslim cavalry wrought havoc in the Rajput camps who were ultimately defeated. The power of the Rajputs was hopelessly crushed. The valiant Govind Rai, the brother of Prithvi Raj, who had wounded Mohammad Ghori in the last battle was captured and put to death. Prithvi Raj escaped from the battle field but was captured and executed.  The Rajput principalities of Ajmer and Delhi were occupied by the Ghorides. They also captured Hansi, Samana and Kuhram. In fact, the second battle of Tarain can be regarded as the decisive contest which assured the ultimate success of the Muhammaden attack on Hindustan. It firmly established the Ghoride rule in the Punjab and extended their sway as far as Delhi and Ajmer.

Muhammad Ghori left his lieutenant Qutab-ud-Din Aibak to conduct the affairs in India and himself returned to Ghazni. Qutab-ud-Din Aibak established the seat of his government in Delhi in 1193 AD. He also waged war against the neighboring states like Meerut, Koil (Aligarh), Gwalior which surrendered without much resistance. He also conquered Anhilwara, Kalinjar, Bihar and Bengal and thereby laid the foundation of Permanent Muslim rule in Hindustan.

Death of the Leader Velupillai Prabhakaran and Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam’s downfall is a lesson to all those world leaders who want to achieve their political and personal goals by the means of violence and use of gun. LTTE was formed in early eighties. Since its formation, LTTE has witnessed many ups and down along with its leader Velupillai Prabhakaran. Infect he has been killed by the Sri Lankan military on May 18 and it is being said that with his death LTTE’s armed struggle for a separate Tamil land has ended. Hs death and LTTE’s defeat has been hailed by many international communities and nations which have been badly affected by the international terrorism. Though LTTE was officially declared a terrorist organization in almost 40 countries but still it has the support of some countries also. In the early years of its formation LTTE had a support of almost all of the world nations but later on it evaporated as it started to target civilians. There were many instances when LTTE used suicide bombers to kill hundreds of innocent people. UNO had also criticized LTTE for recruitment of child soldiers in its military. There were some reports when LTTE had conscripted hundreds of child soldiers following the international pressure.

Formation of LTTE When Sri Lanka got independence most of its administration was controlled by the Tamils as they were the most literate community in the island country. Successive Sinhalese governments took it as major threat for the rights of their community and many discriminatory policies were passed to keep them at bay. In the early days of his life Prabhakarn saw the discrimination of Tamils by the majority of Sinhalese that prompted him to choose arms for the protection of his community. In the early days of his youth Prabhakaran had worked in many Tamil organizations that protested the discrimination of his community. In early eighties he formed Tamil New Tigers. Prabhakaran was not adult yet when TNT was formed. TNT carried out many small scale attacks and bombings as a protest. His first political assassination was of the mayor of Alfred Duraiappah, the Mayor of Jaffna. And with it his group got notoriety and was banned by the Sri Lankan government. There were times when he slept in the open in Sri Lankan jungles without food for many days. TNT funded its activities by committing bank robberies. Prabhakaran felt that their armed struggle will be very short-lived without proper arms training. Tamils were outnumbered against the majority Sinhalese army so he chose the guerrilla way of fighting and decided to form a guerrilla group. TNT was disbanded and in the summer of 1976 Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam was formed by Prabhakaran and some of his close associates. LTTE is totally different from other notorious terrorist organizations as its ideology is not based on any religion. It is said that safety and the protection of his community and the formation of a separate Tamil land were the two main issues around which LTTE’s ideology revolved.

Early Days In the early days of Tamil unrest the community was led by many armed groups like the People’s Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam (PLOTE), the Eelam People’s Revolutionary Liberation Front (EPRLF), Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization (TELO) and the Eelam Revolutionary Organization of Students (EROS).There were big differences in their approach for the achievement of their goals. Prabhakaran felt that without a unified command, objectives of their struggle can not be achieved. When it became evident that Sri Lankan government was not serious about the talks with various Tamil groups then LTTE decided to choose its own way. It first eliminated the other Tamil rival groups and ordered all the remaining Tamil groups to join LTTE or be ready to meet the same fate. In 1983 LTTE ambushed a military convoy and killed 13 soldiers. It resulted in communal clashes in the Lankan capital in which more than 1000 innocent Tamils people were killed by the mobs. In the initial days of the violence Sri Lankan police and administration remained mere spectator of the action which infuriated various Tamil organizations. Though Sri Lankan government tried to control the situation effectively and succeeded in it but the underhand support of the violence by the administration brought the discrimination to the surface. It unified and strengthened the Tamil feelings for a separate land.

Indian Peace Keeping Forces Following the ethnic riots India was overwhelmed by the huge number of refugees that forced the Indian government to intervene in the matter. It must be learnt that Indian Tamils are the sympathizers of the Tamils of Sri Lanka. An agreement was signed between the governments of both the nations though no Tamil group was involved in the talks. Indian Peace Keeping force was sent to Sri Lanka to carry out humanitarian aid and disarm the armed Tamils. But LTTE opposed this move and it resulted in direct confrontation between the IPK and LTTE. IPK remained in Sri Lanka for almost three years and returned to India in 1990. And for next eighteen years, Jaffna peninsula, Kilinochchi, Elephant Pass and some other adjoining remained the main battle ground between the LTTE and Sri Lankan military till the death of Prabhakaran. These areas remained in LTTE’s control for most of the time. These places have a strategic importance as for as the military operations are concerned.

Peace Initiatives Many attempts were made by the world community for the peaceful settlement of the issue but both the Sri Lankan government and LTTE lacked the will power to solve the issue. Various political parties of Sri Lanka used the peaceful solution of the problem as a poll plank and who ever formed the government did not honestly tried to solve the problem. On the other hand Prabhakaran was the whole and sole leader of the Tamil. His words were considered LTTE’s rules. His undisputed authority over the dreaded militant group also was a major hurdle in the way of the peaceful solution of the Tamil issue.

Assassinations LTTE used violence against all those leaders and ordinary people who ever were considered its opponents or rivals. All those voices were silenced by the use of violence that opposed LTTE. A special unit of suicide bombers had been created to assassinate some key leaders or to carry out some important missions by the LTTE. It was called Black Tigers. Women were also an important part of this squad. The members of this squad were used to kill two prominent leaders. The first was former Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi who was killed on May 21, 1991 by a LTTE suicide bomber. The second leader was the President of Sri Lanka; Ranasinghe Premadasa who was killed by another suicide bomber on May 1, 1993.It is said that Rajiv Gandhi was killed because of his decision to send the IPK in Sri Lanka. More than one hundred prominent Sri Lankan personalities were brutally murdered by the LTTE militants that included, Ministers, Members of the Sri Lankan Parliament, Military Officers, Mayors, political leaders, social activists, police personal, civil servants, religious persons, academics, civil servants, writers and poets, journalists and rival militant leaders.  Except it LTTE had also targeted civilian targets and killed hundreds of the innocent people. Later on LTTE started to target Muslims also and thousands of Muslims were expelled from the Tiger ruled areas. It is said that more than 90 thousand people have been killed in the Sri Lankan civil war. LTTE had three wings of its military that were called Air Tigers, Sea Tigers and Black Tigers. Except it, it had intelligence wing and the political wing also. LTTE has also a well established Administration and the police system. There was also a separate wing that carried out social activities and welfare schemes. LTTE had a separate branch named ‘KP Brach’ that used to arrange funds and arms supply for the terrorist outfit.

Blunders and Downfall Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi and the expulsion of Muslims from the LTTE controlled areas are the two big blunders that started the downfall of the LTTE regime. LTTE’s problems increased a lot after 9/11 when all the world countries adopted a new definition of terrorism. The situation in Sri Lanka remained mostly peaceful from 2001 to 2005 because of the peace talks between the Lankan government and LTTE. But the patience died amid escalating violence and skirmishes between the military and Tamil tigers. In July, 2006 Lankan government launched the major military offensive against LTTE. In the ensuing battle LTTE had to face setbacks after setbacks. Its air wing tried to target the strategic government military locations without much major success. It is believed that India has secretly played a special role in protection of the Sri Lankan military location from the LTTE air attacks. The sea tigers were defeated whenever they came into conflict with the Sri Lankan Navy. LTTE’s sea wing was totally destroyed in the battle and all the LTTE controlled ports were taken over by the Lankan military. It furthered the downfall of LTTE. In early months of 2009 Sri Lankan military took over the city of Kilinochchi and the Elephant Pass. Both these areas have a strategic importance according to the military point of view. The Tigers resorted to jungle warfare but they were outnumbered by the Lankan military. The last battle was fought on the 900 acres of land near the town of Mullaitivu form May 12 onwards. And most of the top Tiger leadership had been killed by the Lankan military. On May 18 Sri Lankan government announced that it has won the war militarily and photographs of the corpus of Prabhakaran were flashed all of the Sri Lankan TV channels.

Bad Affects of Modernism As the human mankind has progressed, human life has become more and more comfortable. Scientific inventions have made it easy for the people to live even in those areas where geographical conditions are not suitable for the survival of human kind. But this advancement has also affected some sections of the society adversely. With the revolution in information technology the whole world has become a global village. And with it English has become the global language. People have their reach to every corner of the world. It has threatened the existence of the natural existence of the tribal people. Some tribes have even disappeared and with them their languages too have disappeared. It is being predicted that after some time some of the regional Indian languages will also disappear as their will be a very few people who will be having the pure knowledge of their language. Scientific inventions have made some people jobless too. India has been badly affected by it. Indian society is divided into casts. Every caste has been defined by its profession. As ‘julaha’ (weavers) used to weave clothes but they have adopted some other professions. There is another caste which is known by the name of ‘ghumaar’ means potter. The people of this particular caste used to make earthen utensils.  But in the modern time they too have almost lost their jobs.

Refrigerator Vs Pitcher In the summer season everyone likes to drink cold water. But in the modern times refrigerators, water coolers and ice have taken the place of pitchers, and other earthen wares. These earthen wares were being used to cool the water for centuries. The practice of keeping water in pitchers has almost disappeared in cities and in some of the villages people still use the earthen utensils in their daily life. It is believed that the water, chilled in the pitters, is always good for the health while the water chilled by the modern methods like ‘refrigerators, coolers etc is not suitable for the human health. As refrigerators have occupied their place in every household the potters have started to loose their jobs. It main reason is that people have lost their interest in the earthen wares.

Costs Some of the potters have not lost their interest in their ancestral occupation and even take a lot of interest in it. But their children have lost their interest in this occupation. The reason is very simple; they are unable to earn enough money to make their both ends meet. Most of the ‘ghumaars’ have adopted other occupations. There are very few people who still make pottery items. This is because they have not learnt any alternative occupation.  The occupation of making earthen vessels is almost at its end. Nor the government has given them any facility to find some suitable alternative of their disappearing occupation and neither the government has taken any step to revive their dying occupation. In such conditions they have just a dark future ahead. In older times they used to get clay and dung very easily. Clay is used for making vessels while dung is used to bake them. But now investment costs have increased a lot. The clay is brought from the some far away places and then they have to transport their products to the big cities. Thus they have to bear the transportation costs too. There are many other hidden costs that have marginalized their profits. They get only 10 per cent profit from their productions.

Disappearance But in the rural sector people still prefer the pitchers. In rural sector people get the electricity supply only for 2-3 hours and in such conditions the refrigerators and water coolers have become useless boxes. But with the improvement in the electricity supply, potters will be badly affected. Because of the use of modern equipments and neglect by the government, the people of this caste are unable to keep their ‘centuries old’ occupation alive and this occupation will disappear and will become the part of history.