Archive for May 11th, 2009

WHO WILL PLAY THE SEMIFINALS?

Monday, 11th May, 2009

This is the question for which no one finds an answer. In the game of cricket which is full of uncertainties, anything may happen. As if now it looks like that only the Delhi Daredevils are in the safe zone. Also there is only just one team to which we can strike off from the list of the contenders of the semifinals. You guessed it right. Only Kolkata Knight Riders are the one which cannot expect any miracle now, other than that any team can make it to the semifinals. We all know that any team which manages to get 14 or more points can make it to the semifinals.

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Let’s start from the bottom. The team as of now at the bottom of the expected teams is Royal Challengers from Bangalore. This team has 10 points and they are yet to play 4 of their games. If they manage to win all their four games they will be in as they would have 16 points. This team has learnt a lot from the mistakes they have committed in the past and their performance is improving in every game they play. This team too had issues with Captaincy but they handled it very quietly. Rahul Dravid and Kallis both are performing well and so is Anil Kumble. They lost successive 4 matches after opening well. This is the team which is getting better and better match after match.

 

Next in the list comes Mumbai Indians. This team has played 10 matches and they have scored 9 points. They are left with 4 games to be played and they have a margin of losing just one game. If they would be lucky enough that the other teams like Deccan Chargers and Chennai losses all of their matches than this team can also afford to lose 2 games. With Jayasurya and Sachin Tendulkar on their side everyone expected something big from this team and this team was under high pressure thus in the spotlight. This is the team that represents the home of cricket in India. All the expectations were soared after their game against the Chennai Super Kings. To make 14 points they will have win at least three of their remaining 4 games. Looking at what Duminy is doing and the way Zaheer Khan is bowling we can expect they may make it to the semis. Well the discontentment of Harbhajan Singh is also cropping up. Hope Sachin will be able to contain it.

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 We see Kings XI Punjab at the fifth place. They have 10 points out the 10 games that they have played. To secure a place in the semi finals they need to win at least 2 games. It does not mean that they may safely lose 2 games. To ensure that their place is secure they should ensure that they win 3 games and they will have 16 points and their place would be secured. This team has a problem of not having someone to lead them. This is the team which has all young guns. They are in fact princes. It would be wrong to call them Kings. One thing which we can call a quality of this team is that they have an ability to bounce back in the game despite of the bad start they get. Yuvraj Singh is the father figure of this team. I think he is also their greatest disappointment as well. They have Yusuf Abdulla as an asset. Sangakara is the player to be watched in this team. Irfaan Pathan has come up again as the player to be picked. There would not be any wonders when you see this team plays semi final.

The stability of the Mauryan Empire and the vast administrative system depended upon the prosperity of agriculture, trade and commerce. As in the past, agriculture was the main occupation of the people of India. Magesthanese places agriculture at second place in the list of profession in the society. A large number of small landlords had come into existence. But this class had not become very important in the agricultural system. The state also took various measures for the promotion of agriculture. Large tracts of land were reclaimed for agriculture by the employment of slaves and labourers. Ashoka himself tells that about 150000 persons were made prisoners as a result of the Kalinga war. It is quite possible that they were employed for reclaiming lands.

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The money lending class also helped in the growth of agriculture. They advanced loans to the agriculturists and other related persons who wanted to develop new colonies. As a result of the efforts of the agriculturist and related professions new villages developed. The prosperity of agriculturists added to the revenues of the state. The farmers paid into the government treasury one fourth share of the produce of the soil. The individual farmers were assessed for land revenue and not the village as a whole. The government aimed to have a direct contact with the individual farmers. The state provided the cultivators with the seeds, and food and started relief work in times of distress. The government has many facilities to the peasants which showed how much the state took care for the development of agriculture. It shows that the government maintained a direct contact with the agriculturists. It seems that the farmers who benefitted from the irrigation schemes paid to government a special tax. They had also to render to state certain prescribed services.

 

Kautilya advises the king to allot only those lands for grazing cattle which were not fit for agriculture. Besides agriculture, the state was also conscious of the welfare of the shepherds and cattle rearing class. Magesthanese places shepherds and herdsmen at the third place in the list of professional classes. The shepherds reared cows, buffalos, goats and sheep. These tribes mostly belonged to the Aryan race. But it has been established that they were considered as shudras in the Varna System. It is interesting to note that even rich people as well as the state reared cattle because it was a lucrative profession.

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With the growth of trade and commerce, there was a large increase in the number of artisans and craftsmen. Magesthanese places this class at fourth place in the list of professionals. By this time the artisans had organised themselves into guilds. The craftsmen were now classified into many more classes. There were three prominent features of these classes namely, localization of vocations, hereditary professions and the working of the artisans under their chiefs. With the passage of time these classes of craftsmen grew into important institutions.  These craftsmen also employed slaves to increase productivity. One of the most flourishing crafts was that of the carpenter. They manufactured chariots for the army and carts and other types of vehicles for trade and traffic. Judging from the existence of several navigable rivers in the norther India, boats and ship building must have been a prosperous industry in India. Manufacturing of arms was another important craft. Greek writers refer to manufacture of arms and agricultural implements and the building of ships. The craftsmen were organised into guilds or Shrines. There are references about the guilds of weavers, braziers oil millers bamboo workers corn dealers, ivory workers. The organization of guilds gave to craftsmen political and economic power. The goods were sold under the supervision of the government officers and a tax of 10 percent was levied on the sales. A class of moneylenders had also emerged. Generally an interest of 15 percent was charged on the loans advanced. The hazardous industries had to pay up to 50 percent interest on the loans. Provisions were made for warehouses, godowns and transport. Special arrangements were for protection of the trade routes. There were many highways and trade routes. For internal trade carried on through rivers ferries were maintained. The government had set up a special department for the construction and maintenance of roads.