India Culture, Business, Sports and Food. Get all the buzz in India now

Criminals We used to hear the stories of Bihar or Maharashtra where a group of Shiv Sainiks enters a government office beats some government officer and blacks his face. But this kind of incident had never happened in Punjab but now it has happened. And this was waiting to happen as its preliminary signs had started to show during the Moga Municipal Council elections. A political leader and his sons, with the help of goons had pointed their gun at the reporters and had kept the District Commissioner and Police Chief at the doors of a polling booth while they themselves had casted the votes. Another Akali Dal Legislator has shoot at a BJP Legislator and has put his car on fire. A few weeks ago another Akali Dal Legislator had abused a senior BJP minister in his own home. All these incidents indicate that except Prakash Singh Badal’s clean personality, criminal elements have entered the Akali Dal under his son’s leadership. During his 60 years of political career, Badal was never blamed of ruling with the help goons. When he is now at the last state of his political career and is about to retire, the second line leadership of his party is determined to tarnish his ‘gentleman leader’s’ image.

Incident This is an unimportant incident if we consider the geographical size of India but for the public of Punjab it has become an eye opener. This happened on June 19 in the District of Ludhiana. It was a very big incident which is an indication of the failure of the Punjab administrative machinery but for Punjab Government it has no importance. Chief Minister tried to ignore the matter by saying that the guilty will not be spared. But in reality nothing has been done. The accused people are wandering free while the police are so shameless that it has not taken any action against the accused people. It is not an unimportant incident that a Tehsildar (Megistrate) was pulled from his seat, brought into the open and mercilessly beaten by some miscreants. It did not end here. All his clothes (except undergarments) put off and then again beaten. When he was lying naked on the ground and goons of a political leader were mercilessly beating him nobody came to his rescue except a Khokhewala (tea bender) while all the other government officials remained only the meek spectators of whole of the incident. When another Tehsildar informed, then Diputy Commissioner and District Superintendent of Police came to his rescue but they, too, were found begging in front of the goons to let them get through. But there was no end to the hooliganism of the goons. They did not let the wounded Tehsildar to be taken to the hospital for half an hour.

Action This incident has proved that Punjab’s Biharikaran is underway under Badal and Co. rule.  The term Biharkaran is used to express the state of law and order in the state. It must be noted that Bihar is known for poor law and order situation in the country. What had made the goons so valiant that they beat a first class Punjab officer in broad day light and in front of the public? The Answer is very simple that they have close relations with the ruling Akali-BJP alliance. Deputy Commissioner and District Police Chief knew about political links of the accused persons at the high level. For them, the class-one government officer was an unimportant person and it looked as if they were trying to prove that they are the honorable personalities. They were ‘honorable’ enough that the ‘rule of law’ found itself weak in front of them. It became evident when the main accused person was found wandering free except the arrest of two other accused persons. And this did not end here. The main accused went to the police station and ensured the proper ‘rest’ for the arrested persons. And the result was it that they were enjoying the ‘rest house’ like facilities inside the police station. In protest of this incident the Tehsildars of whole of the state have gone on an indefinite strike and have stopped working. Most of the government machinery has become non-functional but Badal government is still reluctant to take any concrete action or we can say that ruling alliance is trying to ensure the escape of some of their sympathizers.

Bihar Incident A group of corrupt leaders and bureaucrats, mafia dons and criminals have come into existences who want to remain in power at every cost. To create law and order problems has become their ancestral right and occupation. Corruption and misuse of power have touched the alarming levels. This is not the situation of any single state but whole of India is burning because of it. The news of murderous attack on the Ludhiana Tehsildar Major Gurjinder Singh Bainipal and the strike of the Tehsildars were still in circulation when another incident of Sitamarhi District of Bihar pulled the attention of the media. An executive engineer named Joginder Panday had been murdered in Sitamarhi. He was an honest officer. First the state machinery tried to ignore the matter by projecting it as a suicide case but when twenty thousands engineers of Bihar’s Public Construction Department went on an indefinite strike the government ordered the registration of an FIR terming it as a murder case.

Similarities There are many similarities between the both incidents. But one is that Bainipal and Panday were very active in their respective department to curb the corruption. Bainipal had revealed the stamp-paper scam and has also informed the District Commissioner and his senior officers. He has written many letters to the DC in which he had informed that how he is being threatened by those people who are behind the scam. But no-one paid heed to his repeated requests and they started functioning only when he was mercilessly beaten by the goons of a political leader of the ruling party. Executive engineer Joginder Panday had refused to pass the construction word of some contractors who had not used proper material for the construction of the roads. It must be learnt that those contractors have a lot of influence in the political circles. One of the contractors had constructed only half of the road and was forcing Panday to pass whole of the payment. When he refused to do so, he was beaten by the miscreants and was also warned of murder. Except government orders, the police chief took one year to provide him security. And when he was murdered none of his guards were present on duty. The governments of both of the states are trying to ensure it that law will take its own way and the guilty will not be spared. But everyone knows that the leaders are trying to save their party leaders who are behind these incidents and nothing will be done at the ground level. They will try to pull themselves out of this sticky situation by putting some one else behind the bars. But Bihar Engineers are not ready to accept the verbal assurances of the Nitish Kumar government and it is being demanded that the inquiry of Panday’s murder should be given in the hands of CBI and appropriate action should be taken against the police officer who had showed irresponsibility while providing security to Panday.

Both these incident indicate that how the rulers have failed to protect those bureaucrats who have revealed the hidden corruption inside their departments. If they fail to take any action then they will have to pay a heavy price for these failures. Their mistakes can put their political careers in danger and they should not apply lack-luster approach to handle these matters. Because their wastage of time while taking a proper decision will only jam the administration.

Maurya Empire: The most powerful empire in the history of ancient India was Maurya’s. Mauryan Dynasty ruled on India from 321 t 185 BC. The origin of Maurya Empire was in the Indo-Gangetic plains, which was kingdom of Magadha which is the modern Bihar, Eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bengal. The capital of Maurya Empire was Pataliputra which is the modern Patna. The founder of Maurya Empire Chandragupta Maurya was found Empire in 322 BC. He defeated Nanda Dynasty and ruled over central and western India. The empire had fully established his majesty on the Northwestern India by 320 BC. At its great extent, he stretched north and east area which is modern Assam. In the west side he reached beside modern Pakistan. The empire was the one of the largest empire ruled over ancient India. The empire was dissolved with the foundation of Sunga Dynasty in 185 BC. The empire rule came into its end after fifty year of Ashoka’s rule.

Magadha Defeat: To take over rule on Magadha, Chanakya encouraged Chandragupta and his army. Chanakya was a very intelligent professor and had wide network. Chandragupta used his network and gathered many young men from across Magadha and other provinces. They also encouraged Nanda Dynasty men to fight against their cruel emperor King Dhana. The people of Nanda Dynasty were very upset with their emperor. So they were ready to fight against him. The men included in the war against Magadha were former general of Taxila, students of Chanakya and the rulers of small state.

Chandragupta achievements: Under his ruling period, agriculture and economics activities expanded across India. He defeated trans-Indus region under Macedonian. Seleucus I, an Alexander’s army general attacked on Chandragupta but he defeated him.

He established a centralized state with administration of Pataliputra. He was the much disciplined nature personality. He lived a simple and honest life during his administration. He did not know how to write.

Ashoka the Great:  The grandson of Chandragupta was Ashokavardhan Maurya. He was better known as Ashoka the great was a brilliant commander. He was ambitious and aggressive ruler but he proved his sincerity by defeating Kalinga. This was a pivotal war in the history of ancient India. Near about 100,000 soldiers and civilians were killed in this war. Out of which about 10,000 were Ashoka’s own men. There were many people and families which were affected badly during this war. When Ashoka came to know about all this he felt very badly and started crying and said what he had done?  Ashoka implemented principles of Ahimsa. He banned hunting and violent sports. He maintained a powerful army to maintain peace and authority. He made good relation with states across Europe and Asia. Ashoka grasped the teaching of Gautama Buddha and sponsored Buddhist missions. Maurya Empire under Ashoka’s rule experienced peace and security for near about half a century after Kalinga War. Under his rule India was stable empire and had great economic and military power. India was a pros porous empire.

Arthashastra: A great treatise which was written by Chandragupta‘s minister Kautilya Chanakya.  Arthashastra is on statecraft, economic policy and military strategy. Kautilya Chanakya was professor of Taxila University and later become prime minister of Maurya Empire. There are many contradictions about the date and authorship of Arthashastra.  Edicts of Ashoka and Arthashastra are the primary source of Mauryan time’s records.

Edicts of Ashoka: A collection of 33 inscriptions on Pillars of Ashoka made by emperor Ashoka during his dynasty from 272 to 231 BC. These inscriptions represent the tangible evidence of Buddhism. These were distributed through out the area of modern day Nepal, Pakistan and India.

Theedicts describe the detail wide expansion of religion Buddhism as the most powerful king of Indian history sponsored this religion. The edicts described that Ashoka believed in the concept of dharma and put his all efforts to develop dharma.

Religion:  The different religions respected by Maurya Empire were Jainism, Buddhism and Brahmanism. Chandragupta was the first monarch to initiate transformation of religion at top level. He himself adopted Jainism. He was the follower of Acharya Bhadrabahu. The grandson of Ashoka Samprati also followed Jainism. He was influenced by teachings of Arya Suhasti Suri, a Jain monk. Samrat Samprati is best known to build Jain temples. He built 125,000 Jain temples across India. A few temples are still found in Ujjain, Palitana, and Ahmadabad. He also spread the messages of Jainism to Persia, Greece. In southern India Chandragupta and Samprati spread Jainism. Ashoka embraced Buddhism after Kalinga war. He sponsored Buddhism and sent a message to Srilanka’s king Tissa through a mission led by his son Mahinda and daughter Sanghamitta. Tissa was so influenced by the teachings of Buddhism and adopted the religion. Not only had this he was also declared Buddhism as state religion. Like this Ashoka sent many mission to Greece, West Asia. He had also built many monasteries, schools of Buddhist literature across the Empire. He also increased the popularity of Buddhism in Afghanistan, Thailand. As Ashoka was Buddhist but he respected Brahmanism.  He retained the membership of Brahman priests. He retained the position of Brahman minister in the court. Although Buddhism religion gained so much popularity because of him but he never forced anybody to adopt Buddhism as religion. He had provided full freedom to adapt any religion.

Animal’s protection: Maurya dynasty was very much serious about the protection of animals. They were very much concerned about animals and forests. They mentioned many rules and instructions to protect the wildlife and forests. The most important forest product for the Mauryas was elephants as elephants played a great role in battle and also helped them to defeat. The Mauryas also protect supplies of timber, lions and tigers. Their sincerity towards forest and animals showed by Ashoka’s  step taken against all the hunters by mentioned 100 panas fine for hunting deer. He was the first ruler in the history of India who had supported wildlife. He described many rules to protect wildlife.

Decision Indian prisoner Sarabjeet Singh’s review petition has been dismissed by the Pakistan Supreme Court and now his life is dependant on Presisent Asif Ali Zardari’s mercy. Sarabjeet has been projected responsible for 1990’s bomb blasts in Pakistan and an anti-terrorism court had declared him responsible for the crime and had sentenced him to death. A bench of judges of Supreme Court led by Justice Raja Fayyaz Ahmed has upheld his death sentence. It must be learnt that Sarabjeet had challenged anti-terror court’s decision in the Supreme Court and his mercy petition is also lying in the President office. His lawyer Rana Abdul Hameed had failed to appear in the court in some last hearings and the latest one. His lawyer failed to give any specific reason for his absence. At one time he said that he could not reach the court in time and thus failed to attend the court proceedings which resulted in what was not being expected by the Indian people and the peace lovers of both of the countries. Rana Abdul Hameed told the reporters that he could not attend the court proceedings because now he is a government lawyer. He told that Punjab government had appointed him Additional Advocate last year. All this indicates about some foul play. We can say that whole of the Pakistani machinery is working to hang Sarabjeet as early as possible. Some reports had also emerged that Sarabjeet could not pay the fees of his lawyer that was why he was absent from the court. The Bench has upheld the decision saying that there is no one available to defend him.

Courts and Government The decision has once again pulled the attention of the people and media of both the countries and also of the international media. Sarabjeet’s fate is now in the hands of the Pakistani President. There is only one hope of his survival and it is from the President office. When President’s spokes person Farhatullah Babbar was asked about Supreme Court’s decision regarding Sarabjeet’s death sentence, he declined to comment. Last year’s April 1 was the date when Sarabjeet was to be hanged but because of Prime Minister Yusuf Raza Gilani’s inference in the matter had resulted in dismissal of the sentence. Lahore High Court had also upheld his death sentence in 2003 and then in August, 2005 Supreme Court had also dismissed his review petition. All the hopes of survival had ended for him when, last year, President Musarraf had dismissed his mercy petition. Later on Musarraf had taken the decision of delaying his hanging by 30 days. This had happened because of Indian government’s repeated requests and the efforts of the Pakistan People’s Party government of that time. In October last year, Law Minister Farooq Naik had met Sarabjeet in Kot Lakhpat Jail and had investigated into the case so that President Asif Ali Zardari could take any decision on this mercy petition. But this matter is pending still with the President office. Naik who is now the Chairman of the Senate has said only it that the decision on Sarabjeet’s mercy petition is only in the hands of the President as Supreme Court has dismissed his review petition.

Pakistani Machinery It must be leant that Sarabjeet was in the Pakistani Police’s custody three months prior to the bomb blasts he is accused of. His family had got a letter after nine months of his disappearance, in which he had written that he was in Pakistani Police’s custody as he had crossed the border in an abbreviated situation. His family had gone to Pakistan to meet him and he had told them in the presence of Pakistani officials and secret agencies that he is innocent and fallen prey to intrigues of secret agencies of Pakistan. It must be learnt that during the hearings of review petition the judge had said that there is nothing in this case and Sarabjeet could be released after some hearings. But after it, Pakistani secret agencies had become extra-active had created a new file within some days and had presented it in the court. All these sudden changes indicate that whole of the Pakistani machinery and secret agencies were determined to prove Sarabjeet guilty otherwise his release could have exposed their failures.  

Monsoon Delayed monsoon has increased the problems of the farmers of India especially of north-Indian farmers but on the other hand state and the centre governments are reluctant to declare the situation officially a ‘draught’. Metrological department had predicted that this year the monsoon will be late by 15 days as compared to the normal monsoon. It has also been predicted that this year whole of the India will witness below than normal rainfall during the rainy season. Thus delayed monsoon has created the danger of another draught and the related predictions have created horrors of bad effect on the rural economy that is totally based on the conditions of season. Minister Prithavirak Chauhan had told the reporters a few days ago that during the months of June, July and September south-west monsoon will be below normal. For whole of the country the average rainfall will be around 93 per cent which is 3 per cent less as compared to the April month’s prediction about the rainy season. He did not answer any other question about the present situation. He did not show any seriousness to answer the questions related to the water scarcity and draught situation. He only said that at present the situation so serious as it is being projected but every department of the government has plans to meet any kind of situation.

Farmers In north-India the sowing of paddy has started and the demand for water and electricity supply is very high but the availability of electricity and canal water is unable to meet demands of the farmers. Farmers have delayed the sowing of various crops because of delayed monsoon. In the states of Punjab and Haryana the farmers have started to agitate against their respected governments for inadequate electricity and water supply. In the absence of proper electricity supply and delayed monsoon farmers have resorted to alternatives to sow their paddy and other crops in time which has increased the amount of investments. It must be learnt that wheat production was very low because of the late rainfall and it had decreased the incomes of the farmers. In some areas of the north-Indian stated the farmers could not even get enough production that could be equal to their investments and many had committed suicides but all these issues could not find the headlines of various national level newspapers. It had happened because it was the election time and such kind of issues could tarnish the image of state and the centre governments. There is no doubt that rural sector has always been ignored by the government. That is why farmers are indifferent to government’s various policies because those policies are made in air-conditioned rooms by those people who have no basic knowledge of agriculture and the ground level situations.

Reservoir This has not ended here. The water level in the Bhakra Dam is alarmingly very low. It must be learnt that Bhakra Dam is one of the main source of electricity supply and carnal water supply to four states of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Rajasthan. This has happened because of the scanty rainfall and melting of snow in the catchment areas of the dam. A few days ago the inflow of water was less than the outflow of 28000 cusecs per day.  The Bhakra Beas Mangement Board had called a meeting in which the representatives of all these four state took part and it was decided that the outflow will be reduced to 22.000 cusecs per day and this decision has been implemented till July 10. The demand of water supply in all these states is very high because of the sowing of the paddy but when Board told the serious situation the decision of cut in supply of was taken by all of them.  If the inflow of water does not improve by July 10 the cut in outflow will remain in power till the situation improves. It must be leant that from July to September, water is stored in the reservoir to meet various demands of all these states during whole of the year.

Change of Thinking It is the rule of nature that people come and go but the life goes on its way. Like it people come on the centre stage of every political party, stay there for some time and then disappear with the one blow of fate but political parties keep on their natural business. It is the irony that Congress party that was responsible for Operation Blue Star and anti-Sikh riots has returned to power after 25 years of the Operation Blue Star. Some people have started to say that Sikhs have forgiven Congress for its crimes. Their views are based on some facts. In the Punjab assembly elections of 1992 and 2002 people of Punjab had elected Congress Party to form government in the state. And in 2004 and 2009’s Lok Sabha elections Congress and its allies have been elected to form government in the centre. It must be learnt that in all these elections Sikh voters have voted in favor of Congress party or its allies. Now some people have started to ask the question that, have the Sikhs forgiven Congress after 25 years of Operation Blue Star. After analyzing and comparing the past and the present atmosphere and the Sikh mentality we reach the point that character, thinking etc of parties and people kept on changing and it is also the fact that every person has his individual thinking and character. We can reinforce it by saying that ‘change is the rule of life’. We can say that the thinking of Congress leaders of nineties was definitely different from today’s Congress leaders. People have not forgiven that thinking but have welcomed the new thinking.

Partiality Sikhism is world’s newest religion and it has suffered a lot in the hands of the rulers of Indian subcontinent especially Muslims. This did not end here. When India was under British rule it were the Sikhs who were in the forefront to throw the colonizers forcefully out of India and they paid a heavy price for it. But when India got freedom it was believed that Punjabis especially Sikhs will now be able to live a peaceful and prosperous life. But all these dreams proved out to be just dreams when Punjab was neglected by various centre governments. This is evident from various farmer and other movements. It is because of the fighting spirit of the Sikhs and the Punjabis that they are still in the forefront as compared to the other Indian states economically. This neglect has given many scars to the Sikh psychology and Operation Blue Star is one of those scars. All has been written on the pages of history books in golden ink and this kind of incidents will always instigate the Sikh community to retaliate. Sometimes this retaliation proves out to be a double edged sword and sometimes it is solely aimed at one point.

Leadership Now the question rises that how and why the Congress is revitalizing which was lying dormant after Operation Blue Star. As we already have mentioned that important people in the centre of the political parties and governments keep on changing and with it their mentality also gets changed. In 1984 when Operation Blue Star happened Punjab and Centre was under Congress rule. After the anti-Sikh riots all the opposition parties especially Akali Dal parties started to call Congress an anti-Sikh party, though it was not whole of the Congress that was responsible for the heinous crimes but were some of the people who were very powerful inside Congress at that time. The thinking and mentality of those people had made Congress anti-Sikh political party. It is already mentioned that Sikhs were not against any specific party but they were against the thinking of some people of those parties. Now, those people who are in the centre stage of the Congress party have totally a different thinking as compared to their predecessors. Congress won the 1992 Assembly elections of Punjab because its main opposite political party Akali Dal had boycotted the election which was a big political mistake on its part. In 1997’s assembly elections Akali Dal returned to power after many years. Former Congress Chief Minister Beant Singh’s death and his government’s incredible work to bring peace in the state had failed to impress the Punjabi voters.

Young Faces Ruling party leaders mostly fail to feel the pulse of the public they only see what they wanted to see. In 1984, the same BJP that was in favor of Operation Blue Star had called for Hindu-Sikh cordial relations and formed an alliance with Akali Dal and twice formed state government. As Sikhs welcome change in BJP’s thinking the same way they have liked Congress’ changed approach and mentality. Sonia Gandhi and Rahul Gandhi have totally changed the Congress mentality and we have felt this change in the 15^th Lok Sabha elections. Despite BJP leader’s ‘burning’ statements, Congress leadership worked on its way. This change can not stop Congress from forming the next state government of Punjab. But if we consider the present Congress leadership in the state of Punjab there is no charismatic face that can lead his party to its former glory. State Congress is suffering from the internal differences Between Bhattal and Captain Groups. It must be leant that they both are former Chief Ministers of the state. They are more against each other than their arch rival Akali Dal. People of Punjab have seen the rule of Congress under Captain Amrinder Singh’s leadership and they see no hope under his leadership now. Lack of young faces was also responsible for Congress’ poor show in the state but this time the situation has changed because of Rahul Gandhi’s new approach. But this has been done at the centre level and needs to be done at the state level.

Manmohan Singh: A person who is known not in India but also in world and worth great respect across the world.  He is the one of the most dignified person of India. He is also the first person from the Sikh community who hold this position in the Indian politics. He is the one who hold the office. I think this introduction is enough for this stupendous person of India. This is none another than Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh who is 14^th Prime Minister. He is the only prime minister after Jawaharlal Nehru who resumed his position once again after completing five successful years. Yes, he became second time as Prime Minister on May 22, 2009. First time he was selected as president in 2004. As a prime minister he is playing his duty very well. The administration of Manmohan concentrates more on the general problems of India. They try to find out the reasons of reducing economic growth, and other general affairs. They concentrate more on the debt relief to poor farmer, tax policies. He achieved many achievements which are better for India and Indian people. By profession Manmohan Singh is an economist.

Early Age: The current prime minister of the India was born in a Sikh community. He was born on September 26, 1932 in Gah, Punjab. It is now in Pakistan chakwal district. He was one of the children of Amrit Kaur and Gurmukh Singh. He was one of his 10 siblings who were intelligent and determined to get education. The early age of the Manmohan Singh was not so commendable. He belonged to a very poor farming family who was very religious by nature. His father owned a shop of dry fruits. His mother was a religious woman who was god fearing. Manmohan Singh did not get too much affection of his mother as she was died in his young age. His Grandmother took her custody and he was brought up by her. After his mother death he was very close to his grandmother. His family moved to Amritsar when he was only 14 years old. After that he completed his studies in the schools of Amritsar. Since his childhood he is an intelligent and hardworking student. He studied at that time when there was no light in the villages. He was so passionate about the study that he studied under candlelight.

Education: As a student, he is brilliant. He was one of the favorite students of his teachers. He was so hard working who studied by candlelight. There was no electricity in his village when he was studied. He completed his graduation in 1952 in economics. He completed his graduation form Panjab University Chandigarh. He also completed his master’s degree in 1954 from the same university in same field. He got his doctorate degree from the Oxford University in 1962. He also won Wright’s prize in1955 and 1957 for his distinguished performance. He was also one of the few who got Wrenbury Scholarship. Not only this he always scored top marks in all the written examinations in which he appeared. He earned his doctorate with thesis on free trade in India’s economy and critical role of exports. He also won Adam Smith prize from Cambridge University in 1956. He studied at Oxford and Cambridge universities on scholarship.

Awards: Manmohan Singh has received Honorary Doctor of laws award in 1997 by University of Alberta. In June 2006, he received Honorary Doctor of Civil law degree from University of Oxford. In the same year, University of Cambridge also gave him the same award in October month. He was also honored by St John’s College who put PhD scholarship after his name, Dr Manmohan Singh Scholarship.

Personal Life: Regarding his personal life, Manmohan Singh was married to Gursharan Kaur in 1958. Both are blessed by three daughters who are also intelligent like his father. The eldest daughter of Manmohan Singh is Upinder Singh who is an author and professor at University of Delhi. She is the author of six books including Ancient Delhi and A history of Ancient and Early Medieval India. His second daughter Daman Singh is a novelist who wrote, the last Frontier: People and Forest in Mizoram and a novel Nine by Nine. His youngest daughter Amrit Singh is a staff attorney and is married to Barton Beebe. Manmohan Singh underwent coronary bypass surgery in 1990 and angioplasty in 2004. He also underwent his second surgery at All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) in 2009. In this surgery doctors replaced three older grafts. This surgery is done by a team of doctors which was led by Ramakant Panda. They successfully performed the repeat bypass. After near about one and half month Manmohan Singh resumed his duty. He came back on March 4, 2009.

Early career: Singh started his career in 1966. He worked for UNCTAD in 1966. He also taught for sometime in the University of Delhi during 1970s. He was appointed as Governor of the Reserve Bank of India in 1982. He remained on this post until 1985. In 1985, he became the deputy chairman of Planning Commission of India and held the post till 1987.

Political Career: He was choosen by P.V. Narsimha Rao as finance Minister in 1991. In the same year Singh was elected to upper house of parliament, the Rajya Sabha. In 2004 general elections NDA become the ruling party with single largest number of seats and the UPA chairperson gave a surprise by declaring Manmohan Singh name as UPA candidate for Prime Minister Post. Although Manmohan Singh was unable to win the seat of Lok Sabha, but his good will and recommendation of Sonia Gandhi helped and he become the Prime Minister of India in 2004. He was the first non-Hindu who hold the office in hindu-majority India. Manmohan Singh is better known as ‘father of India reforms’. He is recognized as the cleanest person in Indian politics. He was former Prime Minister and also was the author.

 Slumdog Actor Danny Boyle’s Oskar winning film Slumdog Millionaire’s Indian child actor Azharudin Mohammad Ismail is not now a slumdog. Very soon he will be in his new flat he has got from the ‘Jai Ho Trust’. According to news the trust has fulfilled all the necessary guidelines and qualifications to buy a flat for Mohammad Azharudin and very soon he will be in his new flat. It must be learnt that Slumdog Millionaire child Actors’ makeshift homes had been demolished by the Mumbai Municipal Corporation a few days ago.

Hritik-Suzain Relations Though there are rumors in circulation of break-up between Hritik Roshan and his wife Suzain Khan but the truth is it that they are very happy with each other. Recently they were seen together in a hotel and were looking very happy. They talked about their marriage life and also about non-violence. They believe that marriage is one of the most beautiful relationships in the world. They said that if one gets married to whom he loves then it is incomparable to any other happiness of the world. Reminding his marriage, Hritik said that for him it is a memorable moment of his life. It must be learnt that Hritik is in headlines because of his affair with his co-star and Mexican girl Barbara Mori for some months and many rumors have been heard about their relationship. They both are working in a film named ‘Kites’ together. Recently they both had participated in Kahn Film Festival for the promotion of ‘Kites’.

Shooting in Australia according  to a news Indian film industry, bollywood’s biggest group Federation of Western Indian Cine Employees has decided to stop shooting in Australia in wake of the racial attacks on Indians in that country. Its chief Dinesh Chaturvedi said that they believe in non-cooperation and whatever is happening in Australia it is shameful. And the Australian government has not taken any step against the racial attackers. It must be learnt that some famous and hit Hindi films like ‘Salaam Namaste’, ‘Chak de India’, ‘Hey Baby’ and ‘Dil Chahta Hai’ were shot in Australia. But Indian film industry wants to get united against the racial attacks on the Indians in Australia. Super star Amitabh Bachchan has decided not to accept an award from an Australian university. Chaturvedi said that many directors and producers have decided to support the decision of FWICE. Some of them have decided to shoot after some time. But some of them believe that mutual relations between Indian entertainment industry and Australia should not be affected because of the racial attacks. But according to an Australian director no Indian director and producer have canceled the shootings of their films in Australia.

Rekha and Lifetime Achievement Award According to news film actress Rekha has not accepted Maharashtra Government’s lifetime achievement award. Generally lifetime achievement awards are given to those old actors or those people who are associated with the entertainment industry in any way. For last some time we have noticed that veteran or old bollywood personalities are remembered by giving them lifetime achievement awards. This is done just to bring some seriousness in the award ceremonies. It looks as if these awards are just consolation for the veteran actor or actresses who are in their last stage of their life. But Rekha is not in such a pathetic condition and never will be. She does not want to cover-up her actual age. Everyone knows that she is of Amitabh Bachchan’s age. She is not afraid of disclosure of his actual age but wants to save her prestige and that is why she has not accept Maharashtra government’s Lifetime Achievement Award. If looks, as if she wants to say that I don’t want your help and kindness.

 Differences BJP and its patron Sangh Pariwar (family) have not yet recovered from the shocking defeat of last Lok Sabha elections and now internal differences have increased their problems. BJP’s Punjab leadership is not happy with its alliance partner Akali Dal (Badal) government. It analyzed the reasons that were responsible for their defeat in the state and according to them Akali government ignored the urban areas and the BJP leadership in the state which was a major reason behind party workers’ depression during the elections. After the defeat, differences had started to emerge within the party but for a lot of time BJP’s main leadership tried to ignore these differences. But all the differences came to surface when Surendra Kulkarni, who is Lal Krishan Advani Chief Advisor had got published an article in some papers in which he had mentioned some reasons that caused BJP’s defeat in the recent Lok Sabha elections. Even Sangh Pariwar was targeted in this article. According to him Varun Gandhi episode had also affected party’s image. He advised that BJP can not succeed till then it gives up the negative approach. When people started to oppose Kulkarni’s views then his patron Lal Krinshan Advani came to front and tried to save him by saying that he is a reporter and he expressed his views as a reporter.

Advani Some of the main party leaders were not happy with LK Advani who had taken the indirect responsibility for party’s shocking defeat in the Lok Sabha elections by declining to become the leader of opposition. But when some of his associates forced him to change his decision he immediately accepted the post of the opposition leader. This had not ended here. Everyone was stunned to see when he appointed his favorite Arun Jaitly as the party leader in Rajya Sabha and got Shushma Swaraj appointed as his successor in Lok Sabha. To keep the opposing people quite Advani and his supporters said that Sangh Pariwar had influenced them to take these steps. If this would not have been done then a war of posts could have begun between the second line leaders.

Aftershocks After it leaders from both the sides of BJP started to express their views and differences in press. With this it became evident that who is in favor of Advani and who is in his opposite side. Though BJP Chief Rajnath Singh himself looked aligned to one group but he ordered that no party leader will use media to express his views. Though, his order looked just eyewash. It was said that whoever won’t follow these guidelines he will be punished according to party rules. At the same time when Rajnath Singh’s order was being telecasted on some news channels another TV channel was telecasting the details of the resignation letter of senior BJP leader Yashwant Singh who had written this letter to the party chief Rajnath Singh and the core committee members. It must be learnt that been elected from Hazari Bag constituency. The main fact he had said in the letter is that it is being believed that those leaders are being awarded by the party leadership who are responsible for Party’s defeat in the recent Lok Sabha elections. This had not ended here he resigned from his post of BJP Vice-Chief and the other posts in the party. Except it he mentioned many reasons that were responsible for BJP’s defeat in the Lok Sabha election and which can not be ignored by the party leadership. BJP’s internal rumbling that has just started can not be easily put to an end because the chief question is to follow the basic party rules and to remain in the leadership.

 Indian Education System It is out misfortune that we have failed to provide primary education to the children of 6-14 age groups. And now centre and state governments have started to give simple and technical education in private hands. India’s invaluable youth is today wandering in foreign countries in search of professional education and work and are falling prey to the racial attacks. People’s honestly saved money is going to the foreigner banks. After the 60 years of independence we have failed to provide work-oriented education to our youth. The reality is it that 2.50 lakh youths go abroad to do studies every year. And with it India’s 50.000 crore rupees are transferred to the economies of other countries and at the other end it is affecting the Indian economy adversely. People are spending this money to get work-oriented education and it is expected that by getting the professional education they will get work in those countries but in those countries the job opportunities are decreasing every year. Our governments have failed to make such kind of educational policies that could fasten the relationship between education and job opportunities. India’s 418 universities and 16885 colleges are increasing the numbers of its white-color military. Out of it 90 per cent people are not considered able enough to do jobs. Except it, many rich families have been allowed to open private universities. But government and all the other responsible agencies have no answer to the question of job guaranty to those students who will get education from these private universities. Without work-oriented and technical education, job opportunities can not be creating or increased for the youth of India.

Figures Knowledge Commission has recommended the opening of 1500 new universities for India’s population of 130 crore. And central government has shown some seriousness to this recommendation and has issued ten thousand crores to provide higher education. 100 IITs and IIMs can be opened every year with the money that is transferred to other counties every year when Indian students go to those countries. Professionals play an important role in their country’s economic progress. But it is out misfortune that out school system is in a ‘dilapidated and devastated’ situation. For the 95 per cent students, technical and work oriented education is just a dream. Professional education institutes are the base of every country’s economic progress. But the gap between progressing and progressed countries can not be filled in short term as for as the professional and technical education is concerned. Japan has 110 teachers for 1000 students for engineering, medical and other management courses. Germany has 76 teachers for 1000 students, America has 65, South Korea has 46 and China has 30. But in India there are only 3 teachers for the batch of 1000 students. That is why we are way behind to provide professional education to out students.

Facts With Figures The education figures of some foreign counties will shock most of the Indians. In Canada 99 per cent students get technical education, in America 81 per cent, In France 50 per cent and in UK the percentage is 30. But in India only 6 per cent students get technical education. To get itself into the row of progressed states India will have to increase this percentage from 6 per cent to 20 per cent. In present situation 11 per cent urban and 4 per cent rural students get higher education. And with these figures it looks impossible that India will be one among the progressed nations within some years. As the situation of out primary education is deteriorating every year same is happening with our higher education. All our educational institutes are not doing justice to India’s 80 lakh students because 50 per cent teacher’s posts are lying vacant. In central universities 36 percent teacher seats are vacant while in deemed universities the figure is 42 per cent. 16885 government and private colleges are running with just 60 per cent teacher staff. In Punjab’s 54 colleges more than 50 per cent posts of teachers, principals and administrative staff are vacant. India’s 10 per cent colleges and 32 per cent universities don’t have even the necessary infrastructure. All the other educational institutes are running just by doing the paper work. But without higher education and technical education job opportunities can not be created.

Government The subject of education deals with man’s comprehensive progress. This has a straight meaning of making the man a ‘good man’. But it does not mean that the military of jobless people be created. Our educational institutes should be made the production units of professionals. Attention should be given to the primary education and at regular intervals counseling should be conducted and students should be encourages to get professional and technical education. But even the 10 per cent schools of India do not provide technical education. Punjab’s situation is worst. Only 4-5 per cent schools of Punjab are providing professional education. In hundreds of schools educational equipments worth crores of rupees are lying unused for years. Punjab’s 95 ITI’s are going though one of their worst phases. Because of lack of staff and administrative lacks, the equipment of worth crores of rupees has become dung hill. Our colleges and universities that provide formal education are also suffering from economic problems. So, sub-standard educational institutes are increasing the military of jobless people. 4.50 lakh people of Punjab have registered their names to the Punjab Rozgar Office. But in actual terms this figure has crossed the 40 lakh mark. There are 28 states and seven union territories in India and this figure will be very high if collected. This is an alarming situation. Government’s lack-luster policies have failed to fasten the relationship between education and job opportunities. That is why out youths are turning to foreign countries. So out central and state governments should make determined efforts with full financial support so the institutes of professional education should be established.

Delhi Sultanate: It refers to Muslim states who ruled in India from 1206 to 1526. There were may rulers like Turkic and Pashtun who ruled from Delhi. The different dynasties include the Mamluk dynasty, Khilji dynasty, Sayyid dynasty, Tughlaq dynasty and Lodhi dynasty. Delhi Sultanate was immersed in 1526 by Mughal Empire.

Mamluk dynasty: Mamluk dynasty came into existence in 1206. Mohammad Ghori, the second Muslim attacker fought two battles of Tarain with Prithviraj Chauhan. He established his control after winning the second battle. Under his control all rulers were slaves of Mohammed Ghori. That’s why Mamluk dynasty also known as Slave dynasty. The governor of his dynasty was Qutubuddin Aibak. He started constructing Qutub Minar in his dynasty. The Qutub Minar was completed in his successor Iltumish. The daughter of Iltumish was the first female ruler from the Muslim world. She was blessed by God and performed the administrator work very efficiently. The Mamluk dynasty brought to an end in 1290.

Khalji dynasty: Khalji dynasty started his ruling period in 1290 after defeating Mamluk dynasty. It was Afghan ruling dynasty. They were the second Muslim dynasty. They ruled over large area of South Asia. During the Mohammed Ghori rule, Khalji had established them as rulers of Bengal. They were responsible for eliminating the rule of Mamluks. Khalji defeated Gujarat and Malwa. After that they started its victory journey from south of Narmada river to Tamil Nadu. The emperor of the Khalji dynasty was faithlessness, ferocity. The Khalji for higher degree promoted Persian language. The Khalji dynasty concluded in 1320.

Tughlaq dynasty: The tughlaq dynasty established in 1320 after Khalji dynasty. It was established by Ghiyasuddin tughlaq. He was a military commander under the Khalji dynasty. He was also known as Ghazi Malik. The Tughlaq was offspring of Turks. They were basically from Afghanistan but had lived in India from long time. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq was succeeded by Muhammad Bin Tughlaq. He was very anxious monarch. He had made many plans for development but all in vain. They all were failed due to [poor planning or can say because of his bad luck. Muhammad Bin Tughlaq was the liberal in religion sphere. He favored non orthodox faction of society. He was succeeded by Firuz Shah who totally reversed his policies. After his death the dynasty becomes week. The Tughlaq dynasty comes to an end in 1413.

Sayyid dynasty: Sayyid dynasty ruled in India from 1414. They achieved the victory on Tughlaq dynasty. This dynasty was established by khizr Khan after captured Delhi from Daulat Khan Lodhi. The time period of Sayyid dynasty was 37 years. The central authority of Delhi had been weakened by invasion of Timur. After that Sayyid gained the power to rule in India. The successor of Khizr Khan was Mubarrak khan. He was the son of the Khizr Khan who took over the rule after the death of his father. They were successfully ruled on Sultanate until Lodhi dynasty replaced them. The Sayyid dynasty wound up in 1451.

Lodhi dynasty: The Lodhi dynasty was found in 1451. The dynasty was founded by Bhalul Lodhi. He spent most of his time in fighting. He was fought against Jaunpur Sultanate and annexed it. Muhammad Shah raised him to the status of Amir. His second son Sikandar Lodhi succeeded him after his death. Sikandar Lodhi struggled against his elder brother Barbak Shah and won the battle. He was a capable ruler and also merciful too. He proved him as a proficient ruler who is kind and intelligent. The last Sultan of Lodhi dynasty was Sultan Ibrahim Khan Lodhi. He was the youngest son of Sikandar Lodhi. Like his father he was very courageous who gave his whole life to keep the Lodhi dynasty from destruction. He was defeated in Battle of Panipat. The Lodhi dynasty ended in 1526 after Ibrahim Lodhi defeated the battle.

Female Sultana:  During Delhi sultanate few female ruled over India. This is the only Sultanate where female rules over India. One of the famous names is Razia Sulatana, the daughter of Iltutmish the emperor of Mamluk dynasty. She was very intelligent and popular. She was more responsible than her brothers. While her monarchy was for very short time but she was still remembered and had special place in the history of Delhi Sultanate. She was the first queen of Muslim who ruled in India. Her ruling period started in 1236. He handled the administration very efficiently during her dynasty. The area on which she ruled was east Delhi to west Peshawar and in north from North Kashmir to South Multan. She ruled in India till 1240. She was killed by an agitator of her own government who not only killed her but also killed her husband Malik Altuniya and buried them outside the Delhi.

Monetory Economy: The Sultanate introduced the concept of monetory system in first half of the 14^th century. The terms used were sarkars which was provinces and praganas which was districts. This established a network of market centres. The states profit was based on the successful agriculture. Mohammad Bin Tughluq encouraged cash crops for successful agriculture like sugarcane

Lapse of Sultanate: Lodhi dynasty was the last dynasty of the Sultanate. The last ruler of Sultanate was Ibrahim Lodhi which was disliked by governor. He was extremely aggressive. This nature of Ibrahim was the reason that he was disliked by court. Due to this reason, Daulat Khan the governor of Punjab invited Zahir-Ud-din-Mohammed Babur to conquer Delhi. He was the ruler of Kabul. He conquered Delhi by fighting battle of Panipat against Sultanate last emperor in 1526. In the battle Ibrahim Lodhi was killed in battleground. Zahir-ud-din won the first battle of Panipat by his effective strategy and proper use of army weapons. After winning first battle he conquered Agra and Delhi. He set the Mughal dynasty which ruled over India for 300 years more. There were many Sultanates established in Awadh, Bengal, Malwa, Gujarat and Jaunpur after sack of by Timur in 1398.

Indian Politicians In recent times we have noticed that a strong relationship has been established between politics and crime. It is the proven truth that in democratic countries most of the politicians are blamed of having indulged in different kind of crimes. But in India the situation is worst. There are very few leaders who have not been blamed for indulging in any kind of crime. But it can not be denied that Indian politicians are the most corrupt and criminal politicians are compared to the politicians of other democratic countries. There is no such kind of crime in which any of our politicians have not experimented with. They have been found even in human trafficking and killings of innocent people.

Criminal Politicians A few days ago we had heard the name of NCP leader Padam Singh Patil who had been arrested by the CBI for his involvement in a murder case. It must be learnt that he is a close relative of NCP chief Sharad Pawar and was former Home minister of Maharashtra. The murdered Congress leader was also his close relative. This crime had been committed when Patil was the Home minister. He had used his political power against the registration of the FIR. The High Court had asked the CBI to investigate into this case and after the investigation he has been arrested by the CBI. Other incidents are related to the northern states of Punjab and Haryana. Some of the incidents came to light on the same day. First incident happened in the district of Gurdaspur of state of Punjab state. A young son of a Congress related family had been murdered a few days ago and his family members accused the Akali MLA of that area for the murder of their son. That MLA is a former Congress member and had joined Akali Dal before the last assembly polls. It is being said that the killing of the youth was politically motivated. According to the information the police have registered the FIR and have started investigation.

North India Another incident is related to the state of Haryana. A young reporter had committed suicide. In his suicide note, that was written prior to his death, he has accused the Congress MLA of his area for his death. According to the father of the deceased the MLA and his associated were repeatedly harassing his son for the last assembly elections because he had opposed them during the elections. He had reported the matter to the police but police too, used to harass him under the political pressure. Because of lack of any kind of help he had committed suicide. Another such kind of incident has happened near Sirhind, Punjab. There were some financial differences between two rivals. So one of the rivals, who has close relations with some ruling Akali Dal party, started to harass his opponents. So the result was the untimely death of a youth. The fourth incident is related to the Bathinda city of Punjab. A youth had been abducted by some youths in the car of an Akali leader and was beaten mercilessly.

Public We have seen many incidents in politicians are involved in any way. But there is one common fact and it is that cases were registered against the accused political leaders when people came on to roads against them or the courts ordered enquiries against them. It has become evident that the so called public servants are not bothered about the well fare of the public neither they care about the law. They use their political clout and commit crimes to meet their political objectives. For the achievement of their objectives they can go to any extent. If this practice is not put to an end then one day will come when people will take law into their hands to punish such leaders.

Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: Netaji the unforgettable hero of the India was the most prominent leader. The popular name of the Subhas Chandra Bose was Netaji. He was fighting for independence of India. There were many disputes about his death. It is assumed that he died on August 18, 1945.

Early Life: Netaji was born on 23^rd January, 1897 in Cuttack. He was the son of Janakinath Bose and Prabhavati Devi. His father was an advocate and his mother was a religious lady. The total siblings of Netaji were 14. He was the ninth children of his parents. By nature he was religious and god fearing. He was totally devoted to Hindu religion and to become patient, calm he regularly did meditation. He was very much impressed by teachings of Swami Vivekananda. From his young days he started studying the teachings of Swami Vivekananda and devoted himself in his teachings. He said Swami Vivekananda teachings not only impressed India but also the universe. As a student he was also brilliant guy. He was known as a devoted student in his early life.

Educational Qualification: In his early age, he studied in Cuttack in Anglo School which is further named as Stewart School and after that famous with the name of Ravenshaw Collegiate School of Cuttack. He studied in this school until he was in six standards. He was very good in studies from his young age. He had sharp mind and always performed very well. He was a brilliant student who topped in his matriculation exam in 1911. He completed his graduation in 1918 from the University of Calcutta. He completed his graduation in Philosophy from the college Scottish Church. After that to complete his parents wish he went to England in 1919. He studied there in Fitzwilliam Hall of the University of Cambridge. There he appeared for the Indian Civil service exam in 1920. He cleared the exam and ranked at the fourth position in the merit list. After he had cleared his exam he got automatic appointment. He loved his nation very much and when he heard the massacre in India he felt bad. He was very disturbed to know about Jallianwala Bagh assassination. He left his apprenticeship after listening that and came back to India in 1921.

Political Career:  When he came back to India, he was come in contact of Mahatma Gandhi was very much influenced by him. He was so much impressed that he joined Indian National Congress. After joining he started working under his political guru Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das. Later Bose established his own party, All India Forward Bloc as he believed that the non-violence tactics were not any more being sufficient for independence. Jwahar Lal Nehru supported Subhas Chandra Bose in his war for independence. He was also jailed in 1930 during Civil disobedience movement.  When Gandhi-Irwin pact was signed in 1931 after that he was released. He was fought against Gandhi-Irwin pact and also opposed civil disobedience movement when came to know about hanging of Bhagat Singh with his associates. He was nominated as congress president in 1938. During his political career he was many times put in jail. British government imprisoned him at least 11 times.

All India Forward Bloc: Forward Bloc is a liberal party of India. It was formed on May 3, 1939 by Netaji. It was formed when Netaji had given resign from the Indian National Congress. He gave resigned from the Congress on April 29, 1939. The main strength of this party was Bose home state Bengal. The formation of the party was announced publically in Calcutta. Initially the aim of the party was to increase the strength of the party to make it strong. They held a conference in Bombay where the constitution of the party was approved. In this conference the program or activities were also approved. The committee of the Forward Bloc was announced by Subhas Chandra Bose in July 1939. The president of Forward Bloc committee was Subhas Chandra Boss and the vice-president was S.S. Cavesheer. The general secretary of the party was Lal Shankarlal and Pandit B Tripathi and Khurshed NAriman as secretaries. The other members included were Annapurniah, Senapati Bapat, Hari Vishnu Kamnath and many more. Netaji also started a newspaper in the same year to support his party. The name of the newspaper was same as the name of party that is Forward bloc. He also travelled all around the country to promote his political party project.

First Conference of Forward Bloc: The first conference of the party was held in Nagpur on June 20, 1940 –June 22, 1940. In that conference party was declared as socialistic political party and thus June 22, 1940 was considered as the founding date of party. In this conference they passed a resolution to fight against British dominion altogether. They titled the resolution “All Power to the Indian people”.

Second conference of Forward Bloc: The party held its second conference in 1947. It was organized in Arrah, Bihar on January 12, 1947 to January 14, 1947. S.S Cavesheer was pointed as president of the party in that conference. At that time the general secretary of the team was Sheel Bhadra Yagee.The aim of this meeting was to oppose the congress party as they were going to talk with British government for Independence. They attacked the congress party by opposing party for their discussion with British. They said it was of no use and they have to take some solid steps against British.

Achievement:  He was elected as president of Indian National Congress. He was the president for the party for continuously two years. After that he had resigned from the party because of some conflicts with Mahatma Gandhi. He became the leader of national stature and stood against British for Independence.

Political views of Subhas: Subhas was very much influenced by the teachings of Swami Vivekananda. He was influnecd by Swami Vivekananda from his young days. He said he was inspired by his thoughts which expressed his love for nation. His teachings inspire the whole universe. He believed that he got the spirit of fighting against British form the Bhagavad Gita and Vedanta. He recommended that India should be completely free as early as possible. But the other congress committee did not agree with this. They wanted the freedom in different phases. Although Boss had conflicts with Gandhi but still he admired him and he gave him respect by saying him the symbol of Indian Nationalism. He admired him by saying in a radio broadcast in 1944, “The Father of Our Nation”. Boss was a great patriot. Even In the congress party his rivals accepted this. Gandhi himself proclaimed that Bose’s patriotism is second to none. When he was disappeared at that time Gandhi referred him as prince among patriots. Subhas Chandra Boss just wanted the freedom of India no matters who contributed for this fight either men or women.

Netaji as Bhagwanji: It was believed that Netaji was come back as exile as a monk. Many people compared that monk with Netaji. They believed that the monk was none other than Subhas Chandra Boss. The name of the monk was Bhagwanji. The monk was lived in Ram Bhawan Faizabad, near Ayodhya. He was also known by the name of Gumnami baba. He was a mysterious monk. No one knew that form where he had come. But people believed that he was the freedom fighter of India that is Netaji Subhas Chandra boss. The Bhagwanji was very much looked like Netaji. It was believed that in at least four occasions were going on where he himself that he was Netaji Bose. He was died in 1985 but there were many dispute regarding his death. When he died  all his belongings were taken by the court in his custody to know the reality about this. Justice Mukhejee inspected this case under the Justice Mukharjee Commission of Inquiry. Dr B.Lal a analyzing handwriting experienced said that the handwriting of the Netaji and Bhagwanji was matched. However commission did not accept this. They wanted some solid evidences which were still not found and it is still a mystery that whether both were same or not.

Netaji chair’s at Red Fort: The chair of Netaji is placed at Red Fort. It was brought there from Calcutta in 1981. The chair was established in red Fort by giving full honor to Netaji.  The chair remains in a glass case which is a symbol of pride. This chair is also a symbol of national heritage. There is wording written on the brass shield which is placed in front of the chair. It is a symbol of sovereignty of India republic. Netaji used this chair first time in 1944. The Britishers handed over this chair to Rangoon well known business man when left the Burma. Later the family handed over the chair to the government of India in 1979. The wording mentioned that Bose organized Azad Hind government on October 21, 1943. He organized this government from outside the country. He then organized the provisional government and transferred it’s headquarter to Rangoon. He did this in the year of 1944. They also inaugurate a bank named Azad Hind Bank on April 5, 1944.

Death of the Netaji: There are many contradictory statements come out about his death.  Some said he was died in a plane crash over Taiwan. Some said he was died in Siberia. Officially it is said that the Netaji Bose was died in a plane crash on August 18, 1945 when he was flying to Tokyo. He was in a Japanese plane and the plane crashed and burned so badly. The body of Netaji was never recovered. Indian Government has set many committees to find the solid evidence of this matter. Indian government had sent four men team to Japan to collect the evidence of the Bose’s death. The team sent was commonly known as Shah Nawaz Committee. In the period of 1999-2005 Indian government approached Taiwan government. From there they got information that there was no plane that carrying Bose had crashed in Taipei. This information is got under the investigation of Justice Mukherjee. Finally the justice submitted his report to Indian government on November 8, 2005.

Awards of Netaji:  The unforgettable hero/leader of India Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose was awarded by Bharat Ratna. This is the highest civilian award in India. After his death Netaji was honored by this award in 1992. But it was withdrawn later as there is still no evidence of his nature of death and committee was not able to give any evidence so the nature of the award was invalidated by the Supreme Court. There is a portrait of Subhas Candara Bose in parliament of India. A statue of Bose has been elevated in Legislative Assembly of West Bengal.

Conclusion: At last we can say that he was the real hero of India. He was an unforgettable hero who gave his life for the Independence of India. He was true lover of nation who believes in practical activities. He was also very religious and always followed the Swami Vivekananda teachings. His patriotism towards religion showed by this that he was very much inspired and got spirit for fighting against British from the Vedanta and Bhagavad Gita. He was also very intelligent and won his fight with his intelligence. He was the one who integrate the men and women power for the fighting against British rule. He said it does not matter that who are the fighter either man or woman. He said I just want the spirit of fight. He is true fighter that even when he was not in India still he was active in his activities and did much great work.  Bose was praised by many great leaders. Mahatma Gandhi praised him and called hi the spirit of the nation. He was not only a good fighter but also was a good leader who commanded his party very well with high spirit. He always motivated his party to fight against British for the Independence of India. He was really a great hero.

Child Labor Figures According to a 1981 report, there were 24, 00,000 child laborers in India and this number increased to 3 crores and five lakhs in 1991. According to the Labor Department of India this figure increased to four crores 96 lakh in 2001. But according to the Human Rights Commission there are more than 7 crore child labors in India. According to the non-government sources the number of child laborers in India is more than 10 crores. At present the number of child labors in India is more than 12 crores. Some reports say that there are more than 20 million child laborers in India while others say that the number is more than 50 million. Various reports tell different figures but it is very clear that the problem of child labor in India one of its biggest problems. These figures indicate that almost all the items that are produced in out country pass through the hands of child labors in various ways. 61 per cent child labor of the world is found in the Asian countries. In India most of the child labors is found in Andhra Pradesh. In India Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh etc are the production factories of child labor. In all these states the situation of the child labor is very pathetic.

International Efforts UNO had held a convention related to the rights of children in 1992 in which its organization, that deals in child related matters, United Nations Children Convention, had laid downs comprehensive guidelines related to the rights of the children. According to these guidelines children have the rights to live, security, progress, health and to get the education. For the protection of these rights, UNO had, at the international level, initiated various child labor stoppage programs with the help of governments of some nations so the right to education for the children of age group of 6-14 will be turned into reality. But these programs met with one of their biggest setbacks when International Labor Organization released its report regarding the child labor of the world. Everyone was stunned when it said that there are more than 25 crore child laborers in whole of the world. Out of which almost 13 lack children are working in most dangerous places like the coal and metal mines. Many children have lost their childhood in the mines while breaking stones or rocks. Many children have failed to get even the primary education because they have to bear the burden of their elders. There are millions of children who work near those places where temperature usually remains near about 1700 centigrade. A small error can turn into a big disaster for them.

Child Labor in Punjab Punjab is considered to be one of the most prosperous states of India but according to a 2001 report of Central Board on Labor there are more than 17 lakh child laborers in the state. The state education department is trying to make the arrangements for the basic education of these laborers but one thing has become clear that after 61 years of independence the scar of child labor has not been wiped out. By studying these figures it has become clear that most of the child labor has been found in India and at the same time India has made most of the laws to stop the child labor as compared to other world countries. India’s first child labor law was made in 1933 when it was under the British rule. According to this rule no parent or guardian could force the children to do labor for others. It was called Child Placing Labor Act. But children of the migratory laborers work merely for 100 rupees per month in Punjab households, Dhabas etc.

Anti Child Labor Laws After independence Indian government has made various laws to address the problem of child labor. In 1948 factory labor law was introduced. After it many other laws were made. They are, Plantation Labor Act-1952, Mines Act-1952, Merchant Shipping Act-1958, Apprentices Act-1967, Motor Transport Worker Act-1961, The W B Shops and Establishment Act-1963 and the Bidi and Cigar Workers Act-1966. But all these acts and laws have failed to give a new life to the child laborers. For the stoppage of the child labor, many punishments have been describes very comprehensively but the problem of Child labor has been increasing at very high speed. Ever increasing number of child laborers forced the Indian government to introduced bandhua Mazdoor(forced labor) Roko Act-1976. This act was made to put an end to the practice of forced labor. Provisions have been made in this act against those parents who send or sell their children to do labor someone else.  Some times children are forced to work for others to pay off the debts their parents had taken years ago.  After it, government had made Bal Mazdoori Roko (Stop Child labor) Act that put an end for using of child labor in various 25 dangerous industrial works.

Indian Efforts Despite of government’s various anti child labor acts and child welfare schemes no positive results have surfaced and because of it the world community has lost its interest on the issue of child labor. In March 1995 India had submitted a 62 page report to a UNO meeting and had promised that it will put an end to the problem of child labor within the time of six years means by the year of 2000. For it, 850 crores were arranged, and was decided to make a National Bal Mazdoor Roko Authority. Felling unsatisfied because of some state governments’ lack luster performance the Honorable Supreme Court of India gave a historic judgment to stop the child labor forcibly. This judgment was seen as a sign of hope for the child labor but it too failed like the other labor laws.

Solution From these facts we can imagine that how the problem of child labor is grim in India? Various labor laws have been made to address this problem but they have proved out be futile like the paper elephant. From it we can say that the reason behind the failures of these laws is the lack of interest and honesty for the implementation of these laws. It also indicates that these laws have been made by the some people while sitting in the air-conditioned rooms while the actual problems it lying at the lowest level of the society. Different kinds of circumstances are the reasons behind the child labor. To understand those circumstances the babudom should go to the lowest level of the India society. Only united efforts can solve this problem. Police, labor and education departments should take steps while helping each others so that the arrangements can be made for the education of such king of children. The number of the EGS schools should be increased that are working in the remote areas. In reality the reasons behind the origin of child labor are not the lack of laws. The real reason behind it is the poverty. The government should take steps to solve the problem of poverty and only then the problem of child labor can be solved.

Small Screen At various times we have seen the production of big budgeted movies in Bollywood. From Mughal-e-Azam to to soon to be released ‘Kites’ hundreds of big budgeted movies have been released. But small screen had never thought about the production of such television serials on which crores of rupees will be spent. But now small screen, too, has changed its character. For some time we have seen the production of such kind of TV serials on which 15 to 30 crore rupees have been spent. Nowadays a serial is being telecasted on which more than 50 crore rupees have been spent. In the history of small screen it is the one of the costliest TV serial. It is an animated serial which is being made by the Pune based ‘Big Animation Studio’.

Little Krishna It is the time of summer vacations and Nick Channel has started the animated serial ‘Little Krishna’ that is based on the life of Lord Krishna. Almost 50 crores have been spent on the serial that will be telecasted in 13 parts. Bangalore based ‘The Indian Heritage Foundation’ is producing this serial. Big Animation CEO Ashish S K told that more than 45 thousand pictures have been made for this serial and 380 people have worked on them. They could make a film but the serial has its age. The famous TV serial ‘Tom and Jerry; has been made in 75 parts but the whole world sees it everyday. Like Nick’s ‘Little Krishna’, Sony TV channel is telecasting ‘Chittor Ki Rani Padmini Ka Johar’. For the production of this serial Nitin Desai has established a big set in his ND Studio that costs almost 25 to 30 crores. Sony has also started the second season of Salman Khan hosted ‘Dus Ka Dum’. Salman has been given crores of rupees for this serial and almost 3-5 have been spent on the set of this serial.

Big Budgeted Serials The production of big budgeted TV serials has not started in recent times. Before it, Zee TV, Sahara and Star had spent 30-40 lakhs of rupees on each part of some serials. Zee had telecasted ‘Mulak’ in 2003 that was based on story of India prior to the division of the country. For it the set of Lahore was established on which a very big amount had been spent. This serial was directed by Chandar Behl which was praised a lot by the viewers. Sony had produced TV serial ‘Kashmir’ that was costliest serial of its time. Sony had also made ‘Kis Me Kitna Hai Dum’ game show and had spent almost 25 lakh rupees on each of its part. The production of historic TV serials demands huge investments. From set establishment, Costume to thousands of extra actors, 5-10 lakh rupees are spent on each part of such TV serials. Sunjay Khan’s ‘Maharathi Karan’ and ‘1857 Krani’, Akbar Khan’s ‘Tipu Sultan’ and all the serial of BR Chopra and Ramanand Sagar were big budgeted TV serials. Amir Thakre had also made ‘Khel’ which was also costliest serial of its time. Star had produced Amitabh Bachchan hosted ‘Koun Bnega Krorepati’. Amitabh Bachchan had been given such a huge amount for his role in this serial that he had paid back all his debts. For some time, big budgeted TV serial have flooded the small screen. Colors’ ‘Big Bose’ and Real’s ‘Sarkar Ki Dunia’ are among such serials on which almost 10 crores have been spent. Ekra Kapoor’s ‘Kitni Mohhabat Hai’ is also a big budgeted serial. NDTV is going to spend a huge amount of money on ‘Rakhi Ka Swayamber’. For it, four different kind of sets will be established and on the day of marriage of Rakhi whole of the Bollywood we be invited. It is expected that 15 to 20 crores will be spent on this serial.

 The Legend Habib Tanvir was among those people who had his relationship not only with theatre but all the art fields and with many generations of people related to those art fields. It is an important feature of his character and can be imagined that there is a special class of musicians, filmmakers, dramatists, writers and poets. And many generations of those people will remember him for various reasons. Everyone knows that theatre has a relationship with all the art fields but all the people related to this field cannot meet the demands of this relationship but Habib Tanvir understood the demands of this relationship and met them without hesitation and with equal honesty. All the country has seen his work. He was not only a highly qualified actor and director but was as a head of all the art society and the art family of India. Everyone expected something from him and got that. People used to remember him for years for his performances but now he will be remembered more after his death. He gave a lot of contribution to the traditional Indian drama that is popularly known as Nat vidhya. He brought the folk and rural actors to the national and inter-national stage which is his one of the most significant contribution for the India drama.

Early Life Habib was born on September 1, 1923 in Raipur of Chattisgarh. His father’s name was Hafiz Ahmed Khan who had his background of Peshawar. Habib Ahmed Khan completed his matriculation from his home town and got his graduation degree in 1944 from the Morris College of Nagpur. He also studied in Aligarh Muslim University for a year. For next ten years he worked as an actor in some Hindi films, wrote some songs and many plays out of which ‘Agra Bazar’ was one of his famous play lists. He had also become an integral part of the Progressive writer’s Association, Indian People’s Theatre Association, Children’s Theatre and Qudsia Zaidi’s Hindustani Theatre. His theatrical relations with actor-director Moneeka Mishra turned changed into permanent relationship when they got married. From 1955 to 1958 he stayed in Europe. During this period he got training from the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) in Acting and from Bristol Old Vic Theatre School in Direction. He was influenced by German poet, play write and theatre Director Bertolt Brecht’s works. From him he learnt the use of local idioms in his plays, which was later on called the ‘theatre of roots’.

Works When he returned in 1958 to India he remained busy for some time to discover the root elements of Indian Theatre that he could use in the establishment of his own theatre along with the use of new theatrical techniques he had learnt in England. This quest brought him into close contact with the folk actors of the Chattisgarh, the people of his birthplace. He understood the root elements of the folk art and the relationship between the ‘Shashtar’ (holy books) and the people. This led to the foundation of his own theatre named ‘Naya Theatre’ in 1959. Six folk actors from Chattisgarh were among the first members of his theatre. He kept on experimenting with Drama. He even started to use local language as most of his actors used to be folk actors. He gave more freedom to his folk actors and even used folk singing style of hymns in his plays. Among his famous plays, ‘Agra Bazar’ and ‘Mitti Ki Gaddi’ are the most significant plays. Expect it, ‘Charan Das Chor’ also drew large crowds. This play was turned into a full length feature film by Shyam Benegal under the same name. His play ‘Ponga Pandit’ turned out to be a big controversy when some saffron parties started to disrupt its shows. A few years ago when he had performed in Bhopal’s Ravinder Bhavan, people in large numbers used to come to see his ‘Charandas Chor’. People used to see this play while standing on their feet because of lack of seats. He himself used to play the role of a constable. Though his role used to very brief but people used to come especially to see him.

He was awarded by the Indian government many times for his contribution to the field of art. In 1969 he was awarded with Sangeet Natak Akademi Award, in 1983 with Padma Shri, in 1996 with Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship and in 2002 with Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship. He was also nominated as the member of Rajya Sabha (1972-1978). He was writing his biography which could not be completed because of his death on June8, 2009.